The Failure of the Prohibition Act of 1920 - 2204 Words

In 1919 the Constitution of the United States issued the 18th amendment, enforced into law as the National Prohibition Act of 1920. Prohibition is the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcohol, including beer and wine. This amendment was repealed with the passing of the 21st amendment to the constitution, allowing the possession of alcohol in the United States. In the City of Washington on Monday, December 5th, 1932 the 21st amendment document included the reestablished rights of the citizens restricted by the 18th amendment. (Appendix II) The 18th amendment was the first and only amendment repealed by the constitution, allowing people to possess, sell, and buy their own alcohol. Prohibition not only failed in its†¦show more content†¦Upon his move to Cincinnati he hit the height of his success in his bootlegging industry. Remus hired 3,000 people and spent $20,000,000 in bribes. Among these expenses were his overwhelming profits of $45 to $75 million. About this time, Remus was going through a divorce with his wife which also led to more troubles with the law for Remus. His wife’s plan to steal his money sent Remus into a mode of extreme greed and ownership. Remus shot his wife and essentially got away with murder during his trial. The 21st amendment was a result of the reverse affect that prohibition had on the society in the early 1900s. George Remus’s illegal bootlegging industry and his trial were direct results of the 18th amendment. In attempts to reduce crime and the â€Å"evils† of alcohol in the 20th century, the national prohibition act was established without the thought-out reprimands. George Remus is a direct examp le of the reverse affects that prohibition had on the United States. As crime increased due to this new law, people began to see how much more trouble, crime, hatred, and destruction prohibition had caused. If it were not for prohibition, the illegal possession of alcohol would not be present and the number of criminals and delinquents would not have been as significant. People’s need to make money and their personal desire to drink alcohol backfired on the government. The 21st amendment was seen as a way to make peace, which was what was intended of the 18th amendment but it wasShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Prohibition as stated in the World Book encyclopaedia refers to laws that are designed to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount ofRead MoreWhy was Prohibition such a controversial issue during the 1920’s1369 Words   |  6 Pages Why was Prohibition such a controversial issue during the 1920’s? Prohibition was the banning of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. The power to ban the production, export, import, transportation or sale of alcoholic beverages was given by the 18th Amendment, 1917. This was gradually adopted by state governments across America and was followed up in 1919 by the Volstead Act that defined intoxicating liquor as a drink containing 0.5% of alcohol and prescribedRead More The American Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920s Essay647 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Prohibition of Alcohol in the 1920s The prohibition of alcohol in the United States lasted from 1920 until 1932. The movement began in the late nineteenth century, and was fueled by the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893 (Why Prohibition?). This league and other anti-alcohol organizations, began to succeed in establishing local prohibition laws. By the 1920s prohibition was a national effort. The prohibition movement was aimed primarily at closing saloons. SaloonsRead MoreProhibition in America: The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation 1612 Words   |  7 Pages PROHIBITION IN AMERICA The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation â€Æ' The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages† . This historical, yet short era, known as â€Å"Prohibition†, set an example that is still referred to today. As people scrambled all around the country trying to illegally obtain alcohol, the country was once again in a state of chaos. As part of a Christian based temperanceRead More Prohibition Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesHonors P. 1 Mrs. Robinson 4 May 2004 â€Å"Prohibition: The Noble Experiment† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Prohibition, sometimes referred to as the noble experiment, did not achieve its goals. It did the exact opposite by adding to the problems that it was intended to solve† (Thorton). It is also considered to be the thirteen years that damaged America. On January 16, 1920 one of the most disobeyed laws was put into effect. The 18th amendment, also known as Prohibition, was ineffective and caused more corruptionRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1506 Words   |  7 PagesPeople of the 1920s used Prohibition to get ahead in society by selling alcohol illegally. F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote, The Great Gatsby, which takes place in Long Island, near New York City, during the 1920s. In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the corruption of American society using Prohibition and how it brought about the rise of orga nized crime in the 1920s. First,Read MoreThe Negative Impact of American Prohibition1433 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in the 1920s, Prohibition made the selling and buying of alcoholic beverages illegal. Rather than improve Americans lives, Prohibition created a multitude of issues. Prohibition was a drastic failure and created more problems for the United States. Because of the lack of public support, people believed in personal choice and thought it was up to them whether or not they wanted to drink. There was a lack of enforcement of Prohibition and there were more speakeasies than officers. ManyRead More absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages The 1920’s was a time of major social change in the United States. The social changes during this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It wasRead More Prohibition Essay examples1083 Words   |  5 PagesProhibition, A Complete Failure nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Prohibition had become an issue long before its eventual induction as the 18th amendment in 1920. Organizations came about for the sole purpose of an alcohol free America. In 1833, an estimated one million Americans belonged to some type of temperance association (Behr 12). Many believed the absence of alcohol would help the poor as well as big business. Lower class people would put more money into savings accounts and productivityRead More Cultural Report: Prohibition964 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Report: Prohibition - â€Å"The Noble Experiment† The 1920s was an era brimming with changes in the social order and culture in the United States, and these changes evidently brought about anxiety and confusion over the evolving concept of â€Å"Americanness†. Prohibition, officially enacted on January 17, 1920, is viewed retrospectively as a lunging effort on the part of the â€Å"old money† European American population to impose their ideals, values, control and power in the face of

Children Who Have A Good Role Model - 1233 Words

Those children who have a good role model in their childhood are most likely to be successful in life. When a child is growing, their mind is open to learning and understanding the rules that are to be follow. If children are seeing that their parents are successful, responsible, and respectful it likely that they will follow the same path and be secure of who they want to be in life. Now, if there is violence coming from their home, these children are expose to being unsecure in life or in some case these children would excited their past and become great leaders. According to the medium.com, â€Å"It’s often said that life’s experiences are what mold you into who you are today. Thus, it would make sense that a childhood filled with adversity†¦show more content†¦The situation with the purchasing power could declines and people remain unwilling to invest, disturbing entrepreneurship unpleasantly. Simple accessibility of right sort of laborers additionally imp act business. The quality as opposed to amount of work impacts the rise and development of business enterprise. The issue of work an immobility can be resolve by giving infrastructural offices including proficient transportation. Marketing is an important role for any business growth. An entrepreneur should we aware of the latest and various marketing techniques out in the business world. According to reliving bad days, â€Å"Expansion of entrepreneurship presupposes properly developed communication and transportation facilities. It not only helps to enlarge the market, but expand the horizons of business too (relivingmbadays, 2012). Inflation rate could affect business owner, due the increases in expenses for example cost of materials, utilities, and rent of the location. These factors could bring positive and negative influences on an entrepreneurship. The political environment can be somewhat intense for entrepreneur. The political condition can affect business associations from numerous points of view. It could include a hazard variable and prompt to a noteworthy misfortune. To comprehend that the political elements have the ability to make changes. It can likewise influence government strategies at district to selected level. OrganizationsShow MoreRelatedAttempting to Pin Down a Definition of Childhood Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesevery person would have experienced a childhood but how they define theirs is a different story. ‘Childhood is the time for children to be in school and at play, to grow strong and confident with the love and encouragement of their family and an extended community of caring adults.’(UNICEF, 2005). From a psychological view childhood would be defined as the space between birth and attainment of adulthood; but it is far more than that, it a special time where the child children are safe f rom violenceRead MoreCelebrities Role Models711 Words   |  3 Pages Celebrities Should Not Be Role Models In general We cannot judge if famous people should be considered role models or not. There are two perspectives around this subject, one of them says that Celebrities should be role models because of their humanity. A good example of that is Angelina Jolie and on the other hand, some people do not consider celebrities role models; because they are bad example. Celebrities should not be considered role models because they are just famous or becauseRead MoreCelebrities Provide Poor Role Models for Children1044 Words   |  5 PagesCelebrities provide poor role models for children. The purpose of this essay is to discuss celebrity role models and their influence positively or negatively on children. Throughout the world celebrities are role models to many people. Nauta and Kokaly (1999) define role models as â€Å"other person’s who, either by exerting some influence or simply by being admirable in one or more ways, have an impact on another†. In these modern times of excessive media coverage and the easy access of the WorldRead MoreGuiding Childrens Behavior965 Words   |  4 PagesI have rated the fourteen steps to guiding childrens behavior based on personal belief and experience. 1. Model Appropriate Behavior: Show, demonstrate, model and supervise. Children are watching you therefore you need to be the best role model you can be. As a positive role model you need to make good choices and encourage children to do their best too. It has been proven that children with positive role models have higher self-esteem, do better in school and social settings, and are more likelyRead MoreThe Role Of Gender Challenging Role Models1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of gender challenging role models in the classroom is a method I am going to use during my final professional practice and during my year as a Newly Qualified Teacher (NQT). I am going to use these demonstrate to both girls and boys that the media depiction of success is not accurate and that success can be measured in various ways. Role models such as Marie Curie, Dian Fossey and Mary Anning are good historical figures to use but children could see these as dull despite their achievementsRead MoreCelebrities Role Models954 Words   |  4 Pagesmany celebrities known for doing good acts like donating or helping charities. But, there are some celebrities doing bad acts such as doing drugs. There are also celebrities changing themselves not with the intent to change others. At the end, celebrities can be considered positive and negative role models. The difference is that the celebrities who do bad acts will be focused on more than the celebrities who do good. Celebrities should not be considered role models because of how some are gettingRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 Pagesas easy as purchasing a tiara and hosting a princess-themed birthday party or buying a Halloween costume and playing pretend† (Garabedian, 2014, p. 23). Nonetheless, as declared by Princess Merida in the movie Brave, â€Å"there comes a day when I don’t have to be a princess. No rules, no expectations. A day where anything can happen. A day where I can change my fate† (A ndrews Chapman, 2012). In other words, does the life of a princess measure up to the expectations of little girls everywhere? The DisneyRead MoreThe Effects Of Animated Movies On Young Children1335 Words   |  6 Pagesobserve and discuss the effects of animated movies on young children. Animated movies are necessary source of fun for children also having an educational aspects. Characters in animated movies include females, males, animals and inanimate objects. At this point my knowledge of this topic is male and female characters’ roles are shaped according to our existing stereotypical role models in society. Animals and inanimate characters have characteristics like walking on two feet or speaking. GenderRead MoreThe Role Of Models And Their Effect On Life Choices909 Words   |  4 Pagesmost individuals have a significant person who has touched their lives in an unforgettable manner. Another term for this certain someone would be a role model. In many cases role models are siblings, legal guardians or parents and often that person plays a role in shaping a child’s mind at a young age when they are very impressionable. Role models have the power to persuade or impact a person’s life and affect their decision-making. Small or large, this is powerful input to have. Unfortunately forRead MoreThe Effects Of Harsh Coaching Of Young Athletes Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagestheir futures. At a young age, children need dis cipline in order to put them in the right direction for their futures. This discipline is found in numerous forms, and one of the most common forms is through sports. David Brooks said, â€Å"The best coaches still live by a code, and they make no apology for demanding that kids live up to it.† (Brooks) Though strict coaching can turn some young children and their parents away from sports, it can give kids a good role model, teach them discipline, and help

Analysis of Zappos and Holocracy Self Management Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Zappos and Holocracy. Answer: Analysis: Holacracy is based on the self management of the organizations. With the help of the holocracy, the agility of the organization is improved as well its transparency and accountability (Robertson, 2015). The traditional approach to the management of the organization is ignored under this system and a new method is followed under this system which connects one peer to another. Under the holocracy system, the organization distributes the power in the hands of the employees equally and encourages everyone to take up the leadership (Denning, 2014). Zappos which has been bought by Amazon back in the year 2009 is the largest company that established holocracy with 1500 employees and there are no managers for the organization but only teams of employees running the organization. The main objective of Hseih, the CEO of the company was not just to make the organization of a holocratic pattern, but was to make a culture within the organization which will help Zappos fully self managed. There we re a variety of procedures and tools used in order to make the organization self organized. This type of organizations which are self managed and works without the objective of the management are also known as teal organization. The main objective of the teal organizations is to reduce the groups of service provider in the organization and creating a business centred group which is self organized as well as self managed. When the change was taking place inside Zappos, many employees were unhappy with the change and for that reason, Hseih provided them with Teal Offer which is the name of the package that is provided under the holocracy system. Only 1 in 5 employees took the offer and stayed in the organization and that accounts to only 18% of the employees that took the offer from the CEO. After the practice of holocracy started in the organization, the employees of Zappos decided everything starting form he menu of the lunch to the strategy that will be used for marketing of the organization. Without stating that 18% of the employees have taken the Teal Offer the headlines could have been that 82% of the employees who were offered with Teal packages rejected the offer researches on this topic also suggests that the employees who left are either they didnt like the concept of taking responsibility or they didnt like the complex concept of holocracy (Greenfield, 2015). During the past years, before holocracy was implemented in Zappos, there were various roles that the managers in the organization had to take care of and they are the role of budgeting, managing people, training and developing employees and so on. But after Zappos implemented the concept of Hsieh implemented holocracy, management of people had no sense in the organization and also each employee had to take care of everything and every employee had the power to deal with each management decision. Application: There are many Zappos employees who left due to the introduction of holocracy approach in the organization and the revenue increase to 30% in the year 2015 is just a result of it. Software called Glass Frog is used by the organization under the holocracy approach which helps the employees to track the efficiency of the strategic decisions made by the organization (Gouveia, 2016). The biggest problem with the holocracy is that it aims to finish the organizational top-down order and wants to make the organization work without a manager but the employees had to attend meetings which are a must for them and there is no escape from that system. The main reason of the failed holocracy in Zappos is that the employees working in Zappos is unclear of their roles and dont even know what is their part of the duty to perform (Gelles, 2015). With the implementation of the holocracy, the employees were left in a state of confusion rather than they were free for decision making. The employees were confused with the fact that who will be making the decision and also what they are supposed to perform under the new holocracy system. The employees were also confused about the compensation they will receive from Zappos and this turned the whole system into mess and ultimately Zappos failed to achieve holocracy approach. For this reason, with the employees leaving the organization and the employee turnover rate being high, the revenue on the part of the organization has improved, but the efficiency of management by the employees failed to click according to the plan of Hsieh, the CEO of Zappos (Van De Kamp, 2014). It is a fact that when no employees knows who is in charge of decision making, who is in charge of the action, the organization ultimately collapses. Though Zappos is not at the verge of getting closed, but the weakening of the position proves that holocarcy is a failure in Zappos. Viability: As holocracy is a failure and is not a system that can work in the organization with the employees unclear of their position and unclear of their roles in the organization, what couldve really worked in Zappos is the flat organization structure. There should be someone in the organization with the duty to make the decision and above all there should be each department with one manager in the organization (Zheng et al., 2010). All the departments can work under the CEO of the company in Zappos and the managers should be responsible for each decision that he makes with the organization and he should also have the power to direct the employees. The employees from each department in Zapoos should report to their respective managers and should take orders for them in order to perform the job. Also mangers should have the responsibility to divide the job equally among the employees of the organization (Bowditch et al., 2007). Various departments should be divided inside the organization an d the orders should come from the mangers inside Zappos so that they are taken by the employees effectively and performed in order to produce results and in this way, Zappos will be able to eliminate the confusion that was created under the holocracy system. Fallout: The flat organization structure will solve all the problems in Zappos that has arrived due o the complex holocracy system and it can help to form a single hierarchy level inside the organization with each department manager who will be in charge of making the decisions and eliminating the confusion of the employees regarding the decision making. Under the holocracy system, Zappos employees are concerned regarding the decision making and the duties they are responsible to perform, but the flat organization structure with the help of departmental managers can reduce this confusion and the mangers can divide the work equally among the employees and can also take decisions regarding what needs to be performed by the employees. Also, the employees should report to the managers of Zappos in order to get orders from them. While the CEO wanted to remove hierarchical structure from Zappos, flat organization structure is the best idea to be implemented in the organization as it implements the lowest level of hierarchy in the organization with the employees working under one manager for each department and also the time is not wasted in following a long chain of command. Also the speed at which the employees are able to communicate with the managers of the organization is very fast (Jones, 2010). And thus it removes the wastage of time in the organization. So, it can be said that due to a failure of holocracy on the part of Zappos, the practice of flat organization structure is the best way with the help of which Zappos can regain their revenue in the market and also will be able to reduce employee turnover. References: Bowditch, J. L., Buono, A. F., Stewart, M. M. (2007). A primer on organizational behavior. Wiley. Denning, S. (2014). Making Sense Of Zappos And Holacracy. Forbes blog, Jan, 15. Gelles, D. (2015). At Zappos, pushing shoes and a vision. New York Times, 136. Gouveia, L. B. (2016). Holacracy as an alternative to organisations governance. Greenfield, R. (2015). Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh: Adopt Holacracy or Leave. Fast Company. Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change. Robertson, B. J. (2015). Holacracy: The new management system for a rapidly changing world. Macmillan. Van De Kamp, P. (2014). HolacracyA radical approach to organizational design. Elements of the Software Development Process-Influences on Project Success and Failure. University of Amsterdam, 13-26. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management. Journal of Business research, 63(7), 763-771.

Theodora Essays - Justinian Dynasty, Justinian I, Flavii, Theodora

Theodora Theodora was the wife of Justinian I who was crowned Emperor of the Byzantine Empire in 527 AD. As his wife, she ruled by his side, as his partner, and her intelligence helped to advance the Empire. The exact place of her birth has not been agreed upon. While some historians say she was born on the island of Crete off the coast of Greece, others speculate that she might have been born in Syria. Whichever the case, she was brought up as the daughter of a bear trainer who worked at the Hippodrome (a huge stadium-like circus), in Constantinople. She worked there as a mime, and later as a full time actress. At the time, acting was not a highly esteemed occupation especially for women, so the term 'actress' was considered synonymous with the term 'prostitute'. While on stage she was remembered for her daring entertainment skills, off stage however, she lived a normal youthful life and was most remembered for her wild parties. At the age of 16, she traveled to northern Africa as the companion of an official. She stayed there for 4 years before returning to Constantinople. She stopped by Alexandria, the capital of Egypt and here she adopted Monophysitism. This was a form of Christianity that believed that Jesus Christ was wholly divine and not both human and divine as was the orthodox Christian belief. Monophysites were thus not liked by orthodox Christians since their teachings did not conform to those of the orthodox church. On conversion to Monophysitism, she gave up her former lifestyle, and upon reaching Constantinople in 522, settled down as a wool spinner in a house near the palace of the Emperor. It was while in this humble lifestyle, at the age of 20, that she drew the attention of Justinian, then a government official. Theodora was not only beautiful, but intelligent, witty and amusing, which is perhaps why she won Justinian's love so much that he appealed against an old Roman law that forbade officials from marrying actresses in order to marry her. Justinian and Theodora were married in 525. In 527, Justin, the emperor of Byzantium, and Justinian's father died. The couple assumed control of the Empire and were crowned Emperor and Empress on 4th April of that same year. They ruled unofficially as joint monarchs with Justinian allowing Theodora to share his thrown and take active part in decision making. Perhaps the most significant event during Empress Theodora's rule was the Nika revolt in which she proved herself a worthy and able leader. During this event, two rival political groups started a riot at the Hippodrome. They set many public buildings on fire and proclaimed a new emperor. Justinian and his officials, unable to control the crowd prepared to flee, but Theodora spoke up and gave a moving speech about the greater significance of the life of someone who died as a ruler, over that of someone who lived but was nothing. Her determined speech convinced Justinian and his officials and they attacked the Hippodrome, killing over 30,000 rebels and emerging victorious. Historians agree that it was Theodora's courage and determination that save Justinian's empire. Throughout the rest of her life, Theodora and Justinian transformed the city of Constantinople, building it into a city that for many centuries was known as the most wonderful cities in the world. They built aqueducts, bridges, and more than 25 churches, the most significant of these being the Hagia Sophia - 'Church of Holy Wisdom'. To women, Theodora may well be considered a noble pioneer of the women's liberation movement. She passed on laws prohibiting forced prostitution and established homes for prostitutes, passed rights that granted women more rights in divorce cases, instituted the death penalty for rape and established laws allowing women to own and inherit property. She also provided safe shelter for Monophysite leaders who faced opposition from the majority orthodox Christians, even though her husband Justinian was an orthodox Christian. Empress Theodora died on 28th June, 548. Her body was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostle, one of the splendid churches that she and Justinian had built in Constantinople. Beautiful mosaics in Empress Theodora's remembrance exist to this day at the Church of San Vitale at Ravenna in Northern Italy. Even after her death, her spirit lived on, and in this way she was able to have influence on the Empire. Through what she had began, Justinian was able to bring harmony between the Monophysites and the Orthodox Christians,

Human Development Theory And Social Work Issues Social Work Essay Example

Human Development Theory And Social Work Issues Social Work Essay This survey deals with the public-service corporation of human development theory in understanding practical societal work issues. It takes up the instance of the Murray household ( provided in the appendix to this essay ) and utilizing the household as a base, efforts to use different facets of human development theory in a practical existent life scenario. The survey is divided into five specific subdivisions. The first subdivision briefly describes the fortunes of the Murray household. This is followed by the application of two theories of human development, ( a ) Erik Erikson s psychosocial development theory and Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Model of Human Development, to understand kid and grownup development, ( B ) the ways in which political and societal procedures influence human development, ( degree Celsius ) the function of inequalities in human development, and ( vitamin D ) the ways in which theories of human development underpin societal work cognition and values. The Murray household scenario is elaborated in item in the appendix to this survey and is therefore being taken up briefly here. Jack ( 43 ) and Evelyn ( 36 ) Murray stay with their girl Lora ( 6 ) and Evelyn s female parent Doris ( 71 ) . Jack has two other boies, Seb ( 17 ) and David ( 15 ) , who live individually. Jack Murray was an adoptive kid. He was brought up by parents who were unfastened about his adoptive position and has neer shown any disposition to follow his biological parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Development Theory And Social Work Issues Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Development Theory And Social Work Issues Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Development Theory And Social Work Issues Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jack has alcohol related jobs and is prone towards domestic force. Evelyn has been hurt and that excessively severely, in the recent yesteryear. Lora is making good in school and is cared for by Doris, who is nevertheless going frail. She had to be placed in an exigency Foster attention environment during her summer vacations, even as her female parent made usage of a adult females s shelter to get away the troubles of her place. Doris worries about being separated from her granddaughter and household if she were to travel to a attention place. All household members have expressed their willingness to work with a societal worker. Application of Theories of Human Development Erik Erikson s theory of human development was foremost advanced in 1950 and has been significantly augmented in ulterior old ages ( Brenman-Gibson, 1997, p 329 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theory provinces that life can be segregated into 8 phases from birth to decease, which comprise of ( a ) babyhood ( birth to 18 months ) , ( B ) early childhood ( 18 months to 3 old ages ) , ( degree Celsius ) drama age ( 3 to 5 old ages ) , ( vitamin D ) school age ( 5 to 12 old ages ) , ( vitamin E ) adolescence ( 12 to 18 old ages ) , ( degree Fahrenheit ) immature maturity ( 18 to 35 old ages ) , ( g ) middle maturity ( 35 to 55 or 65 old ages ) and ( H ) tardily maturity ( 55 or 65 to decease ) ( Brenman-Gibson, 1997, p 329 ) . Each of Erikson s 8 phases involves a crisis that is characterised by two opposing emotional forces. Infancy, for case, involves trust V misgiving and is characterised by the attention of the female parent for a kid with an accent on touch and ocular contact ( Christiansen A ; Palkovitz, 1998, p 133 ) . Successful passage through this period consequences in persons larning to swear in life and to hold assurance in the hereafter, even as jobs during this period can take to feelings of ineptitude and misgiving ( Christiansen A ; Palkovitz, 1998, p 133 ) . The school age of 6 to 12 old ages is likewise characterised by the opposing forces of industry and lower status ( Brenman-Gibson, 1997, p 331 ) . Persons are capable of acquisition, edifice and accomplishing legion accomplishments and cognition during this period, thereby developing feelings of industry. This phase of development can besides take to the experiencing of feelings of lower status and insufficiency with equals and consequence in jobs of ego regard and competency ( Brenman-Gibson, 1997, p 331 ) . Erikson s doctrine remainders on two of import subjects, viz. ( a ) that the universe enlarges as people go along, and ( B ) that failure is cumulative ( Douvan, 1997, p 16 ) . The first subject is incontestable. Whilst the second is problematic, it is true that kids who have to perforce trade with hard fortunes find it disputing to negociate ulterior phases in their lives in comparing with others ( Douvan, 1997, p 16 ) . Assorted surveies have revealed that kids who were non stroked as babies find it hard to link with others in their maturity. Erikson s theory of human development has gained broad credence and is frequently used as a model for understanding the nature of issues that lead to current behavior and to fix for the coming phases ( Douvan, 1997, p 16 ) . The analysis of the Murray household members reveal that Jack Murray could hold suffered from deficiency of stroking in his babyhood, particularly up to his acceptance at the age of 6 months. This could hold resulted in entrenched feelings of ineptitude and inclinations to distrust the universe. Such feelings, along with his experience of turning up as an adoptive kid, may hold inculcated feelings of low ego regard and be causal in his current imbibing jobs. Whilst Lora has grown up in the presence of fond parents and a loving grandma, she is now come ining the school age and the coming 6 old ages will enlarge her contact with the universe, where parents whilst still of import will non be the complete governments they have been until decease. The application of Erikson s theory of human development helps societal workers in understanding the assorted influences that persons experience in the class of their lives and the functions of such influences in steering their current behavior and their emotional and societal attitudes ( Raeff A ; Benson, 2003, p 61 ) . Bronfenbrenner s ecological theoretical account was foremost introduced in the early 1970s. His general ecological theoretical account is defined by 2 propositions ( Brendtro, 2006, p 162 ) . The first proposition provinces that human development, specifically in the early stages but besides throughout life, occurs through procedures that increasingly become more complex and affect mutual interaction between active and germinating worlds, who are bio-psychological in their attack, and the people, objects, and symbols in their immediate environment ( Brendtro, 2006, p 162 ) . Such interaction, when it occurs over drawn-out clip periods, on a regular footing are termed as proximal procedures and can be found in activities between parent and kids, kids and kids, and lone or group drama, every bit good as in reading, acquiring to cognize new accomplishments and executing complex and hard undertakings ( Brendtro, 2006, p 162 ) . The 2nd proposition provinces that the power, content, signifier and way of these proximal procedures influence development in a varying mode on history of the features of developing persons ( Brendtro, 2006, p 162 ) . Such development is besides influenced by the environment in which such procedures take topographic point and the nature of development results that are under survey. The female parent infant interaction, ( an of import proximal procedure ) emerges as an of import forecaster of developmental results ( Brendtro, 2006, p 162 ) . Bronfenbrenner s theory defines 4 different types of systems, viz. the Micro system, the Meso system, the Exo system and the Macro system, which shape human development ( Austrian, 2002, p 43 ) . The Micro system comprises of the household, schoolrooms and schools, and other systems in the proximal environment in which people operate. The Meso system represents the interaction of two micro systems, like the connexion between the place and the school of a kid ( Austrian, 2002, p 43 ) . The Exo system represents the environment that is external to the experience of an person and in which his or her engagement is indirect, but which effects development, all the same. The workplace of the parents of a kid is a relevant illustration of an Exo system. The Macro system represents the larger cultural context ( Austrian, 2002, p 43 ) . Bronfenbrenner s theory perceives the environment of a kid in footings of quality and context and efforts to explicate differences between the cognition, development and accomplishments of persons through the construction, support and counsel of the societies in which they exist ( Ahuja, 2006, p 3 ) . He states that interaction between over lapping eco systems affect people significantly. Applying Bronfenbrenner s theory to the Murray household, it can be seen that Lora s household and schoolrooms can be called the micro systems, which straight influence her working and development ( Ahuja, 2006, p 3 ) . When these two micro systems start working together to educate Lora, such instruction occurs through the Meso system. The society and civilization in which Lora is being raised provides the underlying influence to these systems and is termed the Macro system. The comprehension of interaction of these systems helps in understanding the manner in which kids develop and the factors that influence failure and success ( Ahuja, 2006, p 3 ) . Analysis of assorted micro and macro systems can assist societal workers significantly in understanding the assorted influences that shape the development of kids. Research workers have in fact specifically found the significance of macro systems to be causal to general depression and feelings of low ego regard in persons ( Ahuja, 2006, p 3 ) . The application of Bronfenbrenner s theory in the Murray household scenario enables the development of greater apprehension on the influences of different micro and Macro systems on the development of Lora in her school age and can assist societal workers to follow appropriate intercession methods. Role of Political and Social Processes on Human Development Whilst there is small uncertainty that the development of persons is mostly shaped by their place and school environments, sociological theory besides places important emphasis on the influence of larger society on such development ( Grusec A ; Hastings, 2008, p 42 ) . All persons grow up in specific political, cultural and societal environments that shape their attitudes and behaviors and act upon their development in specific ways. The peculiar societies in which people live are place to different types of spiritual, cultural and societal attitudes, prejudices and beliefs ( Grusec A ; Hastings, 2008, p 42 ) . Such political and societal procedures provide persons with the agencies to take part within their ain society, which itself contains shared imposts, norms, traditions, values and societal functions ( Grusec A ; Hastings, 2008, p 42 ) . These procedures are basically life long, get downing in childhood and go oning till decease. Both Erikson and Bronfenbrenner s theories de al with the procedure of socialization but through different positions Such socialization occurs through the influence of the household, faith, schools and equal groups, workplaces and the larger community ( Berns, 2009, p 131 ) . These procedures are besides influenced by local media and political idea. Children and immature grownups are significantly influenced by their equals. Such influences can frequently be negative and consequence in substance maltreatment, premature sexual activity and the demand to populate up to incorrect outlooks ( Berns, 2009, p 131 ) . Mass media plays an huge function in act uponing human development. The changeless exposure of kids to hex, sexual satisfaction and force can act upon the development of kids and immature grownups in assorted ways ( Berns, 2009, p 131 ) . With respect to the Murray household, it can good be understood that the personal development of all concerned persons is likely to be influenced by different political and societal procedures. The continuation of domestic force at place can take to feelings of hurt in Lora, particularly when she compares her domestic environment to that of her friends, and do her to wish to switch to a more peaceable environment. Such socialization procedures can furthermore leads to feelings of shame about her background and low ego regard, take her to eschew her household and take consolation in her equals and flicker of hooky player and delinquent behavior. Impact of Inequalities on Human Development Social work theory and knowledge chiefly aims to decrease and extinguish the impact of inequalities on the lives of persons ( Neckerman, 2004, p 189 ) . Inequalities can originate on history of assorted factors like income, instruction, gender and cultural position. Such inequalities basically serve to cut down surplus of affected people to assorted installations and cut down the chances of their life results and their opportunities to take normal and enriching lives, inequalities in income can for illustration deprive the kids of such households from assorted educational and other installations and badly decrease their life results ( Neckerman, 2004, p 189 ) . Such inequalities can besides bring forth feelings of low regard and consequence in suboptimal public presentation in and out of school during childhood and in the workplace in big life. Numerous surveies have revealed that kids with ill educated parents receive significantly lesser educational nutriment and support at place, which in bend affects their cognitive development and adversely influences their public presentation at school ( Marger, 2004, p 86 ) . Lora the 6 twelvemonth old Murray kid has until now done really good in school. The disturbed domestic state of affairs in her house, particularly the gender inequality between her parents and the domestic force faced by her female parent can good ensue in poorer educational support at place, particularly when she is traveling into the acquisition phase and needs it the most. Gender inequality has been widely accepted to be an of import factor in the unequal life opportunities offered to work forces and adult females of societies across the universe and has resulted in unequal development and life opportunities of the two sexes ( Marger, 2004, p 86 ) . Influence of Human Development Theories on Social Work Knowledge and Values Theories of human development aid in determining the thoughts of readers on the kernel of human behavior ( Austrian, 2002, p 56 ) . It expands the apprehension of persons of the range, the possible and complexness of human map. Whilst bookmans of human development do non hold on or back a individual theory, many of these theories provide new positions for the observation and reading of human behavior ( Austrian, 2002, p 56 ) . Piaget s theory of cognitive development has resulted in a new grasp for the ways in which kids construct sense and intending out of their experiences ( Raeff A ; Benson, 2003, p 81 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theory high spots the construct of individuality, even as the societal acquisition theory of Bandura has resulted in the widespread usage of patterning to imitate conditions under which kids increase their acquisition by detecting and copying the behavior of others ( Raeff A ; Benson, 2003, p 81 ) . The societal work profession draws extensively on theor ies of human development for understanding the behavior of persons, with specific respect to the causal influences of such behavior. An apprehension of such theories non merely enables societal workers to understand the causes for human behavior but besides helps them to be after appropriate intercessions to better the societal, emotional and economic conditions of people ( Raeff A ; Benson, 2003, p 81 ) . It helps societal workers to understand the dynamic interaction that takes topographic point among human existences and the impact of societal systems upon the lives of people. A greater apprehension of such theories besides helps societal workers in appreciating human diverseness, every bit good as the impact of different actions in assisting human existences to entree chances and services that foster realization of societal and economic justness ( Austrian, 2002, p 56 ) . Decisions

The Scientific Management Theory †Management Essay

The Scientific Management Theory – Management Essay Free Online Research Papers The Scientific Management Theory Management Essay Nowadays, research in management and organizational theory plays an important part in how business operates. By for the most influential person of the time and someone who has had an impact on management service practice as well as on management thought up to the present day, was Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor was the first modern efficiency expert in world history. Around the Twentieth Century, he formalized the principles of Scientific Management and developed a set of ideas designed to get employees in manufacturing industries to produce more output. Taylor contracted with companies to rearrange their production processes to simplify the tasks each employee performed. Instead of doing many different things, workers in Taylorized factories would execute the same simple tasks over and over. The principles of Scientific Management still have an important impact globally and there are still many evidences which show some New Zealand companies apply the Scientific Management principles in their business operations. McDonald’s is one of the worlds most well-known and valuable brands and holds a leading share in the globally branded quick service restaurant segment of the informal eating-out market in virtually every country and the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 30,000 local restaurants serving nearly 50 million people in more than 119 countries each day. This essay proves the Scientific Management principles in McDonald’s business operations from three perspectives: systems of rewards for meeting the goals, scientific education and development of the workman and standard method of performing each job. To start with, McDonalds’s apply the Scientific Management principles in their business operations because the company establishes systems of rewards for meeting the goals. Taylor stated that the non-incentive wage systems encourage low productivity if the employee will receive the same pay regardless of how much is produced. Taylors concept of motivation is to institute a system of inequitable pay for workers and a bonus system will create monetary incentives (Freeman,1996). McDonalds encourages employees through many effective ways. Except the base pay, McDonalds establish competitive wage and promotion programs, hard work, dedication, motivation and results are recognized and rewarded at McDonalds. Appreciation comes in many forms from a simple encouragement for a job well done, to restaurant-wide recognition through programs such as the Employee of the Month. (McDonald’s,2006)McDonalds also offers great incentive programs with access to gift certificates, mercha ndise, free food, etc. In addition, McDonald’s also establish an incentive pay system and provide employees with the opportunity to earn competitive total compensation when performance meets and exceeds goals. The company pays a bonus on top of employees base salaries based on business performance and their individual performance(McDonald’s,2006). Furthermore, Long term incentives are granted to eligible employees to both reward and retain key employees who have shown sustained performance and can impact long-term creation at McDonalds. Not only they establish the bonus system for the employees to perform efficiently, but also they institute other kinds of systems to increase monetary incentives such as recognition programs and company car program. Secondly, scientifical training is one of the most important principles of Scientific Management. Taylor states that each company should train the workers scientifically rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. It aims to unearth and cultivate workmen’s endowment, let them have the best performance in their work and obtain the highest efficiency farthest(Freeman,1996). McDonald’s have a strong tradition of, and belief in, training, they know its value to the bottom line of their business. At crew level there is considerable initial and ongoing training that is consistently applied to everybody in the business, whether part, full time, hourly paid staff or salaried managers undergoing their compulsory restaurant training. In New Zealand, a Crew member will extend his skills through the McDonald’s Qualink programme, which is recognised with a New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) approved National Certificate. Moreover, a new employee will acce pt training as soon as he joins McDonalds and starts his first working day. He must pass tests of three posts in the first month. Therefore, high requirements create high quality food. Further to that, McDonald’s even build up a Hamburger University, it is McDonalds worldwide management training center located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It focuses on providing training exclusively for all McDonalds Corporation and Franchisees employees in various aspects of the business. Founded in 1961, Hamburger University is located in a 130,000 square foot, state-of-the-art facility on the McDonalds Home Office Campus in Oak Brook with a faculty of 30 resident professors(Schaaf,1994). Like any university, HU has a course catalog: nine courses, ranging from basic restaurant operations to the four progressive levels of the management development program (MDP I-IV). The heart of the curriculum is the Advanced Operations Course (AOC), a two-week combination of operations enhancement, equipment m anagement, and interpersonal-skills training. Well structured training helps to retain staff, as do demonstrable links between training and promotion(Schaaf,1994). In addition, the training materials consist of two elements: core content which applies globally for maintaining consistent food quality and services worldwide, and locale-specific content based on local menu items, food safety regulations and labor practices, etc(Christine,2002). Those training systems help their staff to perform more efficiently and professionally. Lastly, company should develop a standard method of performing each job efficiently. Taylor taught that there was one and only one method of work that maximized efficiency. And this one best method and best implementation can only be discovered or developed through scientific study and analysis. This involves the gradual substitution of science for rule of thumb throughout the mechanical arts. Taylor was not really concerned with other organizational or management issues. His focus was on efficiency, and he suggested that people had to follow what his method said(Freeman,1996).McDonalds establishes a series of detailed and strict working standards which ensure that every product from any chain restaurant has high quality. No matter people is a cook, a counter person or a hall cleaner, each kind of works has normative operational standards and written regulations. The cook time and the amounts of materials are prescribed with accurate numerical value and controlled by machines. In add ition, they also establish a computer system that transmits orders to the kitchen, where in the kitchen, the holding bins will regulate the temperature to keep the food hot and fresh. Moreover, McDonald’s staff is specialized in different production procedure. The counter person accepts the order and typically uses a suggestive sell-up to add a missing item such as dessert. Then they use the register display to confirm, assemble, and check the order. The order is assembled by collecting food from the appropriate machines and bins. Besides, some of the staffs play a role in the burger production and some others perform in the production of French fries. McDonald’s has developed a standard method of performing each job and the employees can perform efficiently. In conclusion, Scientific Management became a powerful force as it contributed to increased efficiency in industrial establishments. McDonald’s shows the evidence of applying the principles of Scientific Management. They institute bonus systems to encourage the employees to perform well to meet the goals. Also, they train the workers scientifically rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. It aims to bring everyone’s production efficiency into full play to accomplish maximum profit. Moreover, they cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed and it will be eligible to improve the production efficiency. Scientific Management has dramatically affected today’s management approaches. Scientific Management has also made an important contribution to the business world we see today in New Zealand and worldwide. The ideas generated by Frederick Taylor still have a place in current management thinking. Because of Taylor, production efficiency has improved, products become more and more plentiful. Nowadays people can have a rich and colorful life like a king in the past. Much of core of Scientific Management remains with us today, only been modified, updated and given a human face. List of references Christine,T.(2002). Systematic training makes McDonalds number one. Training Management Development Methods, 16, 909. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. Freeman,M.(1996). Scientific management: 100 years old; poised for the next century. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 16,909. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. McDonald’s Coroporation.(2006). Your Pay and Reward. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the World Wide Web: mcdonalds.ca/en/careers/restOpp_rewards.aspx Schaaf,D.(1994, December). Inside Hamburger University. Minneapolis, 31,18. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. Research Papers on The Scientific Management Theory - Management EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Applying Theory to Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applying Theory to Practice - Essay Example Experience has convinced me that my singular performance alone would not allow me to manage pain effectively. The policy makers and all the staff have to be convinced about the management plan. A team management of pain is now better accepted (Zalon et al, 2008). A comprehensive plan would be set up for systematic and uniform management of pain in the hospital. Care from initial assessment to planning for discharge would be incorporated. Competency of the staff would be ensured through continuing education. All nurses would have laminated pocket cards with FACES scale and numerical scale for analyzing the pain by the scales (Bines & Paice, 2005). If the card showed an intensity of ‘four† on the scale, intervention was made. Including pain as another vital sign would produce awareness of the distress and decide whether it was time for intervention. A series of questions would be added to the inpatient and outpatient forms so that the features of the pain would be elicited (Bines & Paice, 2005). Electronic devices would be in place for reminding the nurses about the time for reassessment of pain. Screening for pain and assessing its nature and intensity would be an essential step. Details of the pain and how it had affected the patient would be recorded. The patient would be needed to provide informed consent and participate in deciding the individual care plan for pain management. The pain would be assessed carefully and managed appropriately in order to uphold the patients’ rights (Bines & Paice, 2005). The goals for relief of pain must be ascertained. Realistic and safe goals would be identified. The patient would be asked about the activities or functions that he would like to do or perform when he had no pain. Enquiring about the patient satisfaction would provide information and experience of the best techniques to manage pain in a similar situation later. Non-pharmacological management simultaneously would add to the satisfaction level ( Hardy, 2011). The patient and the family would be given educative material to familiarize themselves with the plan. This information would help them gain knowledge on the procedures adopted in my institution. They would be reassured about the competency of the staff which also included pain specialists (Bines & Paice, 2005). Their fears about whether staff would believe the patient and respond immediately would be dispelled. The patient’s fears about opioids would be carefully managed. Publishing the information on the internet would help the staff to download it for the patients. Pain-related information would be maintained at the Health Library in the hospital. Computers would be available for patients and families to browse for the information (Bines & Paice, 2005). The pharmacological therapy with opioids or NSAIDs would be decided upon by the uniform recommendations of the hospital. The variation in dosage would be by variation of age of the patient, the type of wound, t he intensity of pain, the hospital procedure done, the surgery performed and the underlying illnesses. Non-pharmacological adjuvants which could provide relaxing moments would include visual stimuli like photos or pictures or a television programme (Bines & Paice, 2

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example As a fast growing company that cares for the environment, Greenenergy has received many awards and recognition in the UK and other markets. Greenenergy started supplying low sulphur fuels to reduce on air pollution in all markets. However, the company shifted from low sulphur fuels to bio fuels to address the growing concern of global climatic change. Greenenergy has grown rapidly to be a leading supplier of fuel in the UK. The company supplies about 10 billion litres fuels including petrol, bio fuels and diesel. This is more than 25% of all road fuel that is supplied in Britain (Greenenergy 2012). Greenenergy’s main customers include supermarkets and oil companies. These are the major retailers of road fuels. Fleet users are major customers for diesel. Although Greenenergy supplies large amounts of road fuels, it does not own any petrol stations but supplies fuels to its customers in bulk. Greenenergy’s objective is to expand its operation by offering high quality prod ucts at low prices to its customers. This strategy has worked to attract new customers and retain existing customers. Consequently, Greenenergy’s market share has been expanding since its establishment. The company evaluates its supply chains to increase their efficiency and cut costs. Consequently, Greenenergy can sell its products at low prices without compromising on quality. ... Some of the factors that influence a new venture’s success include the time spent in the business, amount of start-up capital, risk management strategies, and government policies. The characteristics of the entrepreneur have significant influence on business success. The level of ambition and experience of the entrepreneur will determine their persistence in new markets. Experienced entrepreneurs are likely to last longer in the market and achieve significant levels of success (Gelderen, Thurik & Bosma 2003, p.319). This implies that an entrepreneur plays a significant role in the growth and sustainability of a new business in the market especially in risk management. The approach that an entrepreneur uses to launch their business will depend on the amount of information, experience and skill that the entrepreneur possesses. Gilbert and Erying (2010, p. 92) indicate that successful entrepreneurs have the capacity to analyse risks involved in a new venture. Successful entrepren eurs identify and eliminate risks systematically. Ignoring risks could lead to losses in a business and sometimes an entrepreneur is forced to exit the industry. Thus, systematic elimination of risks enables entrepreneurs to tackle risks in the right order with the right methods and resources. Every entrepreneur must recognise that risks are different and have different effects on a business’s growth process. A wrong approach to eliminating risks may lead to the failure of a new business venture. This implies that the level of success for any new venture depends on the capacity of the entrepreneur to deal with all the risks involved correctly. Effective risk

Acute Renal Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acute Renal Failure - Essay Example This paper is going to examine the Gordon’s Functional health patterns as well as Myra Levine’s Model is relation to how acute renal failure affects the patient. A specific diet and treatment for renal failure will depend on the patient’s age, the severity and other medical conditions. Nutrition’s affect on renal failure has been studied extensively and published on scientific reports. For example, Dr. T. A’s â€Å"Primer on Kidney Disease† recommends a 0.8 to 1 g protein of body weight per kilogram each day of protein in chronic kidney disease. During dialysis, this can increases from 1.2 to 1.3 g/kg each day. Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns Marjorie Gordon developed functional health patterns to form a guideline when it comes to the establishment of a nursing data base that is comprehensive. She placed the patterns into different categories making it possible for a data collection process that is standardized and systematic (Dunn and Hood, 2009). These patterns have assisted nurses over the years in determining different human and health function aspects; a) Health Perception and Health Management. This category focuses on an individual’s perceived health level as well as well-being. ... Here, the evaluation of local supplies adequacy takes place. c) Elimination. This area mainly concerns itself with excretory patterns experienced on the skin, bladder and bowel. Excretory issues like constipation, diarrhea, incontinence and urinary retention can be easily identified d) Activity and Exercise. Focused is directed to the daily living activities that need energy expenditure, and they include leisure activities and exercise. e) Sleep and Rest. The individual’s rest, sleep and relaxation practices are assessed. Sleep patterns that are dysfunctional, sleep deprivation responses and fatigue can be identified. f) Self-Perception and Self-Concept. The individual’s attitude towards themselves is the issue of concern and this includes body image, identity, and self-worth. The identification process in this case concerns itself with the self-esteem level and threats response to the individual self concept (Dunn, 2009). g) Roles and Relationships. The role played by an individual is the one being assessed as well as how the individual relates with others. h) Sexuality and Reproduction. Person satisfaction or in some cases dissatisfaction in relation to reproductive functions and sexuality patterns are to be assessed under this category. i) Coping and Stress Tolerance. The individual’s stress perception and the way he or she copes with stress are examined. j) Values and Belief. The belief and values of an individual are assessed and this includes the individual’s spiritual beliefs. Myra Levine’s Model In her model, Myra came up with four principles that were meant to serve nurses as a guide to promoting wholeness: 1. Conservation energy. The interventions by nurses have to be gauged on the individual capacity so as to give room for

Using GDP as a Measure of Living Standard

Using GDP as a Measure of Living Standard Introduction Real GDP is measure to assess changes in economic welfare over time, to make international comparison of GDP, and for business cycle assessment and forecasting. (Parkin et al 2000). The gross national product (now measured as GDP) was introduced during World War II as a measure of wartime production capacity. Now it is commonly used worldwide as indicator of economic progress (http://www.redefiningprogress.org cited on 1st June 2008). GDP is not accounting Household production, Quality improvement, the underground economy, Health and safety Expectancy, Leisure time, The Environment Quality, Equal wealth Distribution, Political freedom and social justice. GDP can be good indicator of measure of economy living but it is not accurate measure of living standard. â€Å" Improving livings standards is about poor families gaining access to what is available at the time to make comfortable, healthy and rewarding .in the end, economic statistics only measure what they measure, we may not bear much relation to how well off we are.† (The Independent Dec 2002) Source: US department of state (www.usinfo.state.gov cited on 22nd May 2008) Poverty Rising Real GDP is not affecting on the reduction of poverty and change in living standard. USA is the wealthiest country in the world having high real GDP, but more than 35 million people out of 294 million of population faced hunger in 2006 and 390000 in 2005 According to the US Department of agriculture’s household food security report, that 10.4% of all U.S adults and 17.2 percent of all children faced the food insecurity in 2006. (www.ipsnews.net cited on 22nd May 2008) According to survey in 2005, India had population of approx. 1094.6 Millions and Pakistan had population of approx. 155.8 Million. (www.worldbank.org cited 13th May 2008). Real GDP per capita from 2000 2006 Years Data Source: (United Nation, USA 2007 ‘Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007’) The real GDP gap between India and Pakistan shows that average Indian people are better being then average Pakistani People. But poverty ratio shows that living standard of India is lower than Pakistan. By comparing India’s population below $1 and poverty line per day with Pakistan shows that living standard of India is not very high than Pakistan because people ratio living below $1 is high that mean they are not using full resources of a happy life. So GDP is not representing the living standard of people and also not counting the poverty ratio. COUNTRY Population Below National Poverty line Per day (%) 1990-2004 Population Below $1 Per day (%) 1990-2005 GDP Per Capita (PPP US $) (2005) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN SIERRA LEONE NIGERIA ZAMBIA 4.6 28.6 32.6 70.2 34.1 68 9.9 34.3 17 57 70.8 63.8 6757 3452 2370 806 1128 1023 About 10 sub Saharan economies are suffering from malnutrition all the time. (The Observer 18th May 2008) Exchange Rate Inflation It is difficult to compare living standard because exchange rate of country do not show the domestic purchasing power of a currency e.g. any product cost in USA will be 10$ but in China may be 5$. So comparison should consider these. Purchasing power party (PPP) is exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium and when two countries purchasing power same. Gross domestic products are accounted on standard way based on trade exchange, value of international (dollar) that is purchasing power parity. If the exchange rates of two countries same then the price level will be fixed for both countries products and services. If the domestic price level of any country increase, then exchange rate will be depreciate to return PPP then that country will experience inflation. (www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th May 2008) According to World Bank survey (9th April, 2008) on recently increasing the high prices of food will increase the poverty in poor and developing countries. The rise in oil prices changes the each commodity price and result into increase in poverty, the 80% increase in prices of maize and 70% increased in price of rice played main link to increase in poverty. (World Bank 2008) According to head of UN, About 850 million people are facing already the shortage of food and rapidly rising prices could push up to 130 millions population into hunger trap.( Metro 4th June ,2008) so when inflation will increase, it will increase the poverty in poor countries. In Real GDP, increase in price will account as inflation. Quality of Goods GDP is a quantitative measure, and thus does not capture the value of improvements in product quality e.g. $200 dollar phone costs the same as a $200 dollar phone 10 years ago ,it never include the new technology is introduces or quality of goods improved. Unemployment Rising GDP means we are better off, but it is not actually happening. According to recent report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) May, 2008, Turkish youth hit by unemployment. In Turkey 18% of the total population young people aged 15-24, 30% go to school and 30 % work. This means that almost 40% young people have no proper education and/or are unemployed. It also reveals the extreme of sexual discrimination against female. So they are not able to get education because of family pressure. The report says that turkey has achieved continuous high economic growth of the order of 7.5 percent on average during the 2002-2006 periods. That mean turkey has strong economic growth but weaker human development. Turkey economy boosts cause of foreign debts. Economic growth based on foreign capital means that country like Turkey lacks the potential to handle unemployment and other socioeconomic ills. (www.wsws.org cited 16th May 2008). COUNTRY Population Total (millions) 2005 2015 Unemployment Rate Total (% of Labour force) 1996-2005 AUSTRALIA UK CHINA INDIA TURKEY ZAMBIA 20.3 22.4 60.2 62.8 1313.00 – 1388.60 1134.40 1302.50 73 82.1 11.5 13.8 4.9 5 4.2 4.3 9.9 12 Literacy Education is necessary and fundamental part of all societies and globally competitive economies. Education can reduce the poverty and inequality, improving the health precaution, enable the use of new technologies and knowledge. In an increasingly competitive knowledge based surroundings, primary education must be the priority and it leads to higher levels of education (http://ddp-xt.worldbank.org cited by 24th May 2008) Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), World Bank, UNAIDS, ILO, Household Surveys, IMF, Country. Data are for the most recent year available in 2000-2005. If in a country more people will be literate it will increase the living standard of people and awareness of their rights. Curren( 2003) explained ‘’Illiteracy and other deprivations related to lack of basic education are significant obstacles to essentials of good living such as participation in economic activity, political life and decision making within family’’. Education is important for all age group and gender but some countries gender discrimination is high and woman discourages and their potential is not counted because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties. In some countries girls are behind the boys in education and health care because of their parent’s discriminations and neglect. So gender inequalities in woman start in early and keep throughout their lives. (www.moe.gov.pk cited on 22nd May 2008). According to World Bank report says that more than 100 million primary school age children remain out of school. Because of poverty, parents concern of safety of their child, lack of school and bad teaching method. (http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org) Country Adult Literacy Rate (% aged 15 and older) 1995- 2005 Combined gross enrolment ratio for Primary, secondary, and tertiary Education (%) 2005 Saudi Arabia China India Pakistan Turkey Nigeria U.A.E 82.9 90.9 61 49.9 87.4 69.1 88.7 76 69.1 63.8 40 68.5 56.2 59.9 Source: Human Development Report 2007/2008 (www.hdrstats.undp.org) Under Ground Economy GDP never count the greatest source of wealth i.e. the household and volunteer work sectors go ignore entirely. GDP is not considering the factor of total production that people hide to avoid taxes because the production and services they are producing are illegal and never comes in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005) The black economy never comes in revenue, i.e. production by labor paid less than minimum wage rate, Labor are paid by giving cash avoid Taxes, unreported self employee, the tips money earned by taxi/cab drivers, waiters in Hotel Restaurants, Smuggling of products e.g. oil, etc. these transactions never comes in the figures for GDP. An estimated 5 to 10% black economy adds to GDP in the United States and the UK and 30% in Italy. In the late 1990s, in Russia estimated 50% black economy adds to GDP(The economist 31st may 2008 ). A lot of Household production carry on in developing countries never comes in economic transactions e.g. grass cutting, child care, embroidery stitching of cloths done by female at home, growing vegetable at home, production of hand made goods etc According to the latest estimate by Economist’s the calculation of the underground economy is to average 15% of national output for developed countries and 33% for developing countries. According to the survey Nigeria and Thailand have the world largest black economies accounting for more than 70% of GDP. (www.tutor2u.net/economics cited on 07th May, 2008). Changes in Leisure Time For the long life and leisure time as if we have more leisure facilities we live better, that never count in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005). GDP only takes the market value of output, therefore, Leisure (paid vacation, holidays, leave time), which shows increase of well-being, satisfaction, and happiness is excluded in the GDP. Different reports have been highlighted that there are longer working hours are in America with compared to Europe which can cause stress and damage family life. European’s have choice for shorter weeks and a longer holiday that will leads to better life and more happiness but not leads to higher GDP as compared to America. Income inequality The GDP only tells how much income we produce but it fails to tell how that income is distributed. So the GDP increases the gap between poor and rich people. The real GDP was the key indicator of measure of national progress. The growth in GDP is offset by increasing inequality, High level of foreign dept, growing costs of unemployment, environment problems, and failure to maintain wealth equality, i.e. in same economy might be one group is using all resources. (Mc Taggart et al 1999). The large portion of financial wealth real GDP per capita goes to small percentage of population. Income and earnings are unequally distributed among the population. Economic growth increasing also accompanied that increasing poverty. ‘If the income is uneven distributed, then increase in income per capita may disproportionately benefit a small group of high income earners and have little impact on reducing poverty. The gini coefficient is used to measure how evenly income is distributed.’ (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on 21st May ,2008 The Gini coefficient (An INEQUALITY indicator ) varies from zero, that shows the perfect equailty of income. Latin America is the worlds most unequal region, with a Gini coefficient of around 0.5; in rich countries the figure is closer to 0.3.(The economist 2008). inequalirty will incrase moverty and it will effect to slow down the economic growth cause poor people cannot afford to buy their needs e.g. education,foods etc . The chart below shows that income is more unevenly distributed in Zambia as compared to other countries .so GDP per capita income is fail to count that how income is distributed among the population. Data Source: www.bized.co.uk cite on 21st May 2008 and World Bank development indicator 2007, Washington D.C. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 21st May 2008) Pollution Crime, war, pollution, tobacco smoking, and car accidents all cause people to spend money and so they all increase the GDP. The more trees we fell, fish we catch, fossil fuels we burn, greenhouse gases we emit, the more the GDP increases. (http://www.redefiningprogress.org) Real GDP never count for the quality of life e.g. clean water, life expectancy, leisure time, and it never count for the increase in traffic congestion and loss of open space (www.bos.frb.org cited on 06th May, 2008) The causes to produce environment pollution are the carbon dioxide and Ozone depleting substance use. In china the emission of CO2 and ozone depleting substance use is greater than other developing countries. According to European space agency, Bijing and its surrounded cities have air pollution with the high level of nitrogen dioxide, which is dangerous for lungs. In 2005 when China was hosting for the Olympic Games in Beijing, satellite data has reveals that Beijing as air pollution capital of World. (The Guardian, Monday 31 October, 2005) In an overview of the report of WHO, the cigarette and tobacco product are polluting air as well and is the main cause of death. In 2003, 5 million people died most of in poor and over poor populations. (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008). Data Source: Human development report 2007/2008 www.hrdstats.undp.org cited 5th May 2008) COUNTRY Ozone –depleting Substances use (grams per capita) (2004) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN AUSTRALIA SINGAPORE IRAN MALAYSIA THAILAND JAPAN 27.1 9.3 10.2 9.5 50.5 89.9 59.2 39.7 15.3 Data Source: (Table: 29 United Nation, ‘Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007’) and The World health Organization says that almost 3 million people are died worldwide because of air pollution out door and 1.6 from indoor 80% of illness and death in developing countries because of polluted water.2.1 people die with diarrhea disease. (BBC NEWS www.bbc.co.uk cited on 21/05/2008) The 2nd factor for the human being to live healthy in this world is clean water. In 2004 Romania faced big problem in clean drinking water. Many people became ill because of polluted water. According to WHO/UNICEF (joint monitoring program) in the Romania only 18% of population of the rural had access to clean drinking water (www.ens-newswire.com cited on 22 May 2008). If we see real GDP of Romania in 2004, it comes in high human developed countries but real GDP fail to count the clean water source for the people. In 2004, In comparison with India and Pakistan, the %age of resources using improved drinking water in rural and urban shows that India is behind Pakistan, but if view the economic growth in real GDP shows that India is better than Pakistan. In 2005 in china water pollution increase and 2 million people suffered diseases caused by drinking water with high arsenic content and cancer. In the rural area 360 million peoples faced lack of safe drinking water. The pollution increased 70% in lake and river and sample test. but 95%of water tests were polluted. (BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk cited by 23rd May 2008) COUNTRY Share of population with access to improve Water sources (%) (2004) Share of population with access to improve Sanitation (%) (2004) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN NIGERIA ZAMBIA 77 86 91 48 58 44 33 59 44 55 Data Source: Table- 29 United Nation, ‘Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007’ Life expectancy and infant birth morality Good health and long life is the hope of everyone which does not show up in real GDP, at least not directly. (Parkin et al 2000).Increase in Real GDP will spend money on the medical and health safety but it ignore new health and expectancy problem every years e.g diseases i.e. Aids, , drug addiction,, murder and suicide and natural disasters i.e. Earthquake etc. In developing countries, in each year More than 500,000 women die in childbirth. In Asia and Africa, lack of access to trained health staff, modern medical facilities the ratio of maternal death may be more than 100 times higher as compared to woman in Western Europe and North America. (www. worldbank.org cited 22nd May 2008.) According to (WHO) report that in Japan life expectancy is higher. For example a baby born can expect to live 85 years having sufficient needs of life to live happy life e.g. food, vaccination and good education. On average enough funds to spend on medication per year. But in same way its not same situation in Sierra Leone a baby will survive a life expectancy of just 36 years. Due to the non availability of resources one or more of children would die and on average could have enough funds a year to spend on medication. (www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008) According to WHO report (2005), In Nigeria the maternal death rate is 59,000 with the population of 140 Millions. African continent countries are having high maternal death in the world. As compared to India, the maternal death is 117,000 with the population of over billion. According to official US report (2007) says that America has dropped from 11th to 42nd place in 20 years being a richest country in the world. The drop is due to more advance way of lifestyle, health care, and better food in the world i.e. Europe, Japan, Singapore and Jordon whose life expectancy is longer. In US the infant morality 6.8 deaths every 1000 births is also high. The worst life expectancy is figured in Africa that is 34.1 years. (The Guardian, 13th August, 2007) Country Infant mortality rate( per 1000 live births) (2005) Life expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 Male Life expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 Female Australia UK China India Nigeria Sierra Leone 5 5 23 56 100 165 78.5 76.7 71 62.3 46 40.2 83.3 81.2 74.3 65.3 47.1 43.4 (www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008) (United Nation, ‘Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007’) In UK, Life expectancy at age 65 reached its highest level for both men and women. Men and women could expect live more 16.9 years and 19.7 years respectively. If mortality rates will be same is in 2004/06. Life expectancy at age 65, United Kingdom At birth Life expectancy has also its highest level for both males and females. Boys and girls born in the UK could expect on average to live to 76.9 years and 81.3 years of age respectively. http://www.statistics.gov.uk cited 17th May 2008 Alternative Indicators The flaws in GDP as a measure of national well-being have generated worldwide moves to develop a better index. Most work is focused on developing the index of sustainable economics welfare (ISEW) also known as the Genuine Progress indicator (GPI).it has been constructed for different countries i.e. US, Germany, Britain, Sweden and Australia. In Australia calculation of GPI shows that GPI was generally less than GDP measure until 1976, it grew at nearly the same rate and from 1976 to 1996 the GPI did not increase.† (Hamilton C. 1997 cited by Mc Taggart et al 1999) In 1995, redefining progress, a non profit public policy organization, based in northern California, introduce a measure of progress that is Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). GPI basic start with the same accounting framework as the GDP, but then makes some distinctions with same indicators as GDP. GPI counts the beneficial progress as positive and destructive activates as negative. GPI add contribution of household activity volunteer work as hiring some one to do it. but real GDP ignore this contribution that money never change hands, GPI calculate income distribution as GPI will rise when poor receive large portion of income and go down if small portion of income received. GPI subtract these factors that are family break down crime and pollution. In real GDP family break down crime are expenses to addition in well being but GPI minus this cost comes from crime or divorce. Real GDP treats pollution as when it created and when it is clean up that is double gain. But GPI subtract the cost of water and air pollution as damage to human health and environment by increasing the nation wealth people should get the more leisure time and more free time for family or other activities. But the GDP ignores the loss of free time. The GPI goes up if leisure time increases. When people spend money to protect against misfortune or spend for improving their living standard i.e. accidents, drinking water filter, pollution control devices etc the GDP counts as additions but GPI treats these expenses as cost.http://www.redefiningprogress.org cited on 28th May 2008) GDP provides a false sense of progress by comparing with GPI. The chart illutrstae that real (inflation adjusted) US per capita GDP and GPI growth between 1950 and 2004, the GPI figure significantly starggle GDP. It shows that when resource depletion, crime costs, and volounteer sector costs, etc., are accounted for, then the per capita net benefit of a rising GDP is fully invalid. (http://www.redefiningprogress.org cited 2en June 2008) In 1990s United Nations created the human development index (HDI). It Examine that how the people are well being. It shows three indicators that are life expectancy at birth, school and adult literacy and real GNP measure at Purchasing Power Parity in US dollars (The Ledger www.bos.frb.org cited 27th May 2008). Human GDP per capita Development Index PPP US$ 0.70 2600 Tajikistan 0.67 2450 0.64 2300 0.61 2150 0.58 2000 Pakistan 0.55 1850 0.52 1700 0.49 1550 0.46 1400 0.43 1250 0.40 1100 Source: HDI and GDP refer to 2005 as reported in the 2007/2008 Report. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008) In 2005, HDI highlights the very large gaps in well being and life chances for Pakistan. (Figure 1) It shows that the GDP per Capita was high but the HDI indicator was low showing that people are not well being. The HDI for Pakistan was 0.551 which gives the country 136th rank out of 177 countries. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008) Conclusion The major disadvantage of Real GDP using as an indicator is a measure of living standard. Real GDP is the good measure on economic growth but it fails to measure that how the people are living and are they happy. It does not true impact that if a country is having high GDP and export 100 percent production will also have high living standard. In the view of replace real GDP with the GPI, as for as west concern it will be very hard for them to adopt this because their concern is to strong the economy and business interest. But economic growth does not bring the happiness. As for as economic growth and living standard of country concern, GPI is good indicator for measuring living standard, but social and non-market costs are included are at dispute. might be thease are the reason GPI has not achieved yet as common usage. Overall, however, the GPI aim is to measure the quality of economic welfare but GDP measure the quantity of economic growth. So GDP is failing to measure the living standard of people it should be replace by GPI. Reference ‘The Ledger’ www.bos.frb.org/education/ledger03/measure.html : Federal Reserve of bank of Boston, (cited 06 May 2008) Parkin M, Powell M. Kent M., ‘Economics’ 6th edition, London: Addison Wesley Publishing, chapter 20 Parkin M, Powell M, Matthews K. (2000) ‘Economics 4th Edition’ Addison Wesley Publishing, p.543-547 McTaggart D., Findly C., Parkin M. (1999) ‘Economics’ 3rd edition, Australia: Pearson Education Limited Chap, 21, 22 32 United Nation, ‘Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007’ NEW YORK 2007) ‘Economics’ (www.tutor2u.net/economics cited on 07th May, 2008) ‘Pakistan data profile’ ‘India data profile’ http://devdata.worldbank.org cited on 13th May, 2008 MacAskill E. ‘US tumble down the world ratings list for life expectancy’ The Guardian,13th August, 2007) Curren R. 2003 ‘A companion to the philosophy of education’ blackwall publisher USA, page 457 Watts J. ‘Satellite data reveals Beijing as air pollution capital of world’ The Guardian newspaper, 31 October 2005 ‘Using national income data to measure poverty and living standard’ (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on 21st May, 2008 Ministry of education, Govt. of Pakistan www.moe.gov.pk cited 22nd may 2008) ‘Hunger Stalks world’s wealthiest country’, (www.ipsnews.net cited on 22nd May 2008) ‘Romania’s Polluted Water a Barrier to EU Member Status’ published on 20 July,2004 (www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-20-04.asp cited on 22 May 2008) World Socialist Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008) ‘China Warns water pollution’, BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4374383 cited by 23rd May 2008) ‘Implication of Higher Global Food Prices for poverty in low-income countries’ published on April 2008 Policy Research Working paper 4594 www-wds.worldbank.org cited on 23rd May 2008 ‘Nigeria, alarming Maternal Death Ratio’ posted 23 October 2007 www.allafrica.com cited on 23rd May 2008 Newspaper The Independent Dec 2002 Comparative Real GDP per capita and per employed person ‘ www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th May 2008 (http://www.rprogress.org The redefining Progress cited on 28th May 2008) World Social Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008 Whats Wrong with the GDP as a Measure of Progress? http://www.redefiningprogress.org ‘The Human Development index going beyond income’ cited 13th May 2008, www.hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_pak.html US department of state (http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page10.html Cited on 22nd May 2008) Mathiason N. ‘Globe- trotting fixer doing deals to help the hungry’ The Observer 18th May 2008 ‘130 Millions more Face falling into hunger trap’ Attewill F., Metro 4th June 2008 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Homelessness as a social problem Essay

Homelessness is a social problem and is the condition of people who lack regular housing. Homeless people are often considered to have little necessities such as food, shelter, money or medical help. They would usually spend their night uncomfortably on the streets or temporarily in a hostel. Some people may reside in their friends house on a sofa or on their floor with a blanket. Some of the factors why people become homeless are due to domestic violence, relationship breakdown, fleeing persecution from another country, drugs and alcohol misuse,family disputes and mental health problems. Another common reason why people are homeless is that they cannot keep a steady job, therefore they cannot pay for their rent or they cannot pay their bills so resort to being homeless. Some people receive little income from their jobs which is not enough for them to pay all the bills or buy enough food or get themselves any clothes. Homeless people would turn to begging on the streets to provide so me money for themselves and purchase the little food they can get with the money. Birmingham last year is said to have had the highest number of people homeless in the country with figures reaching to 925 households.Homelessness can be caused by physical or sexual abuse from their families and so they may choose to run away and seek refuge on the streets. For homeless people, there are the good days and the bad days.The good days include the homeless getting reasonable amount of money in which they may receive 10 pounds by panhandling an hour. The bad days involve inflation or recession in which case they would receive very little and undergo starvation for the night. Some Homeless people may find other ways overcoming the problem of homelessness; one of which is going to prison. This way they will receive accommodation and enough food for them to eat which prevents them from starving.

Analysis of “Why I Love My Strict Chineses Mom” Essay

The correct way of raising a child? Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld’s essay â€Å"Why I love my strict Chinese mom† is a response to the all the negative feedback her mother had gotten for her essay â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior†. The intention of this essay is to persuade and inform the reader of why Amy Chua raised her daughter Sophia the correct way. Chua-Rubenfeld’s first argument is that the critics (the outsider) have no clue of what the Chua-Rubenfeld family is like (p. 2, l. 21). The fact that Chua-Rubenfeld is stating that â€Å"you don’t know what you’re talking about, because you don’t know me and/or my family† makes this a classical argument, which in reality is no valid argument. However, her main claim throughout the essay is supported by a strong warrant and ground. Chua-Rubenfeld’s main claim is that Amy Chua’s strict parenting forced her to be more independent and act as an adult. The way her mother did this was by pushing her daughte r to become more successful. Chua-Rubenfeld’s mother taught her that creativity takes effort, which in this case is used as Chua-Rubenfeld’s warrant: One should always work hard and push one’s self to the limit. And according to Chua-Rubenfeld this applies to everyone independent of one’s goals in life. Only by forcing body and mind one can truly achieve anything. Chua-Rubenfeld’s ground is very much connected to her claim and warrant, because she can see how her mother’s upbringing of her has made her independent, and has made her pursue knowledge. This is why Chua-Rubenfeld calls her mother â€Å"Tiger-mom†. The tiger symbolizes a fierce and brave person and the animal itself has a very high status. These are qualities that Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld appreciates, and thanks her mother for having. The Chua-Rubenfeld way of upbringing a child appears to be completely different from what experts believe is the correct way. In Kate Lovey’s article â€Å"Let them eat pizza: Parenting guru’s recipe for bringing up children† the reader is introduced to a different opinion. A parenting guru Dr Bryan Caplan claims that children’s lives are â€Å"shaped mostly by their genes and their own choices.† (p. 5, l. 18). This article is characterized by its great use of argumentative features. Dr Bryan Caplan bases his arguments on biological research and scientifically proved facts. The appeal form used is ethos, since the reader trusts the doctor because he has a certain authority. However, the arguments that he uses do unfortunately not  appear convincing, because he only bases his ground on quantitative data. It is possible to convince someone with statistical material but it involves using an amount of qualitative data, as it explains why statistics tell us what they do. The two previous articles may seem each other’s opposites, concerning the ways of raising a child. In A. S. Neill’s article â€Å"Summerhill – a radical approach to child rearing† he introduces another way of upbringing a child where he focuses on education. He clearly states that the important part of educating is helping the child in becoming better at what the child is good at. He supports his claim by using a lot of topological features. In the beginning of the article he incorporates a story about Nijinsky to demonstrate his point: The world will not develop geniuses if it does not spot and utilize the child’s talent. By incorporating a famous ballet dancer he engages the reader because the reader can hardly disagree on what Neill is saying. The reader is also engaged because education is such an important thing. Through the education one is developed. Therefore it is essential that the educational system is properly functioning. It is important to remember the function of our educational system. The future of the world depends on the teachers and the pupils, and education should prepare the children for the world. But there is a fine line between preparing and dictating. The society does not only need lawyers, doctors, and other jobs associated with high status. It is dependent on and needs cleaning ladies, police officers, engineers as well as an y other jobs. Therefore, in order to provide the world with smart and skilled people the educational system should develop the child’s natural talent and interests. This is also applicable when talking about the upbringing of a child. For example some kids may naturally be better at sport and the parent should thus reward and encourage the child. However, there is something called general education which should be incorporated in the learning process, because the child will probably have some difficulties in the modern society if this is ignored. Furthermore, it is necessary to teach the child how to behave in certain situations and also in general. But a lot of the upbringing of a child depends on the cultural background. Different cultures have different ways of raising children. Depending on the culture the values in the upbringing of a child may vary extremely. However, the parent should acknowledge that we live in a globalized world where the child will meet  different cultures. Ther efore the parent should prepare the child for an open mind.