Accountability Memo

MEMORANDUM Subject: Increasing of public scrutiny on not-for-profit reporting requirements The purpose of this memo is to explain why increasing scrutiny and demand for accountability by the public has influenced reporting for not-for-profit and governmental entities. State and federal regulators are reviewing, audit reports of agencies like ours that receive federal grants and loan monies. Their purpose is to â€Å"ensure that independent audit firms are in compliance with Generally Accepted Audit Standards (GAAS) and recently added requirements under Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) or yellow book standards†.The reporting requirements that the auditor's require to be able to prepare a statement of understanding of internal control structure is of particular interest. Because we are a not-for-profit company, the auditors have to report what certain members have the clearance to report cash donations and make deposits directly to the companies bank acco unt. The auditors also need to evaluate the internal controls we have in place to prevent theft, and report the strengths and weaknesses of our system. As a result, we need to provide the auditors with access to our computer transactions for all finance members.Your cooperation is greatly appreciated in this matter and being in compliance will the auditors will help protect our interest in continuing to receive federal monies as part of our operating budget. Sincerely, References: Williams , J L (Summer 1992 . New audit standards for audits of entities receiving federal financial help . Outlook , 60 , n2 .. 51 (1 . Retrieved August 5, 2012 General One via Gale : HYPERLINK http /find . galegroup . com /ips /start . do ? prodId IPS http /find . galegroup . com /ips /start . do ? prodId IPS Steinberg , R M Johnson , R N (August 1991 . Implementing SAS no . 55

Irish Family Structure Essay

Family is a combination of unconditional love, although the function or purpose of a family might be similar, family structure differs all over the world. As that being said there is a huge difference between the United States and Ireland. I choose to pick Ireland because it’s a small country and it’s a country we should really be looking up too. Because of Ireland’s prominent Roman Catholic roots, the family structure has not changed as drastically as it has in other countries. In other countries, divorce rates are extremely high, people get married at young ages, and families are typically small. Ireland is more traditional in the aspects when it comes to marriage, unlike the United States where divorce is extremely common. Divorce is small in Ireland and extremely rare. One in three families don’t end up having the traditional model of a marriage couple. The family structure in Ireland is really two structures, nuclear and extended, but the majority is nuclear. Nuclear families are families with two parents and extended means families that live with a relative, or a single parent. These two structures take up for the majority of Ireland. In many families they pass down traditions, or things the parent(s) would have. In fact, they each carry the rings of the average Irish cultures. The average children a married couple may have it up to one or two. Huge families are not extremely dominant in Ireland. The average families in Ireland have pretty typical modern roles. Women’s roles have changed as they began going into the work force. They are no longer expected to be a housewife and take on the nurturing motherly role. For men it is now acceptable to be sensitive and compassionate to their children as well as taking an active role within the family. Many more men are taking a larger role in raising the children and helping out with housework. Children are now seen as competent rather than innocent, acknowledging their values, roles, and abilities within society. It is safe to say that their roles are typical for a modern American family.

A Fair Punishment

Alex Mueller Professor Goff Writing 122 19 February 2013 A Fair Punishment On the morning of April 21st, 2009, my biology teacher gave me, and the rest of the class, some terrible news. She told us that my high school classmate and friend, Major Washington, had been killed in a car accident the previous night. I later learned that Major, and his mother Sylvia Porter, had been hit by a drunk driver on their way to return a movie. The man behind the wheel was driving with a suspended license, and his blood-alcohol level was at . 8, which is three times the legal limit. This was not his first drunk driving offense. Suspending someone’s license on their first drunk driving offense is not a strong enough punishment. I believe that this tragedy could have been avoided if this man was in a place where he could not drink, and in a place where he could not get behind the wheel of a car. In order to avoid tragedies like this one, drunk drivers should be imprisoned on their first offense for one year. The opposition may argue that prison is meant for criminals only.Sending someone to prison, after they made one mistake, is wrong. A first time offender of driving while under the influence does not belong in prison. Prison is a place for those who have been charged with a serious criminal offense. This is true to a certain extent. However, drunk driving is a dangerous and deadly behavior no what offense it is. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration suggests the stiffer penalties for first-time high-BAC (blood alcohol content) offenders should be comparable to those applied to repeat offenders (NCSL 8). Associated essay: †Shame is Worth a Try† SummaryThese penalties include longer license suspension terms, longer prison sentences, higher fines, installation of an ignition interlock, and treatment for alcohol abuse (NCSL 8). The NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) recognizes the seriousness of impaired driving. Drivers with high blood alcohol content are at a greater risk of car accidents, injuries, and even death. Stricter penalties must be implemented. A first time offender should not be put into prison for what can legitimately be called a mistake. Whether it’s a first time offender, second, or even third time offender, they are all equally dangerous.When the argument arises that a person should not be imprisoned on their first offense of drunk driving, I simply ask the question: what if they get into an accident? If the accident results in the death of another person, that first time offender is going to prison for a long time. He or she does not belong in prison if they managed to get pulled over and arrested, but does that same person belong in prison if they hit and kill someone? According to the law, they do. If a person kills someone while driving under the influence, it is not going to matter what offense it is, they are going to prison.Imprisonment on the first offense of drunk driving will help to diminish the amount of â€Å"mistakes† people continuously make when they choose to get behind the wheel of a car. People may argue that first time offenders are able to get into treatment because they are more willing to plead to it, when they’re not going to be convicted of a crime. David J. Hanson, Ph. D. supports treatment by saying â€Å"providing effective treatment is essential to reducing hardcore drunk driving because, regardless of the punishment imposed, offenders will eventually begin driving again.The only way to prevent offenders from drinking and driving is treatment that brings about fund amental changes in behavior. † I believe that treatment can work to an extent, but it primarily depends on the person. It may work for some people, but not for all. By implementing the law of imprisonment on the first offense of drunk driving, a message will be sent that behavior of that nature will not be tolerated, and there will be no second chances. I believe that the fear of imprisonment can ultimately help decrease drunk-driving statistics.According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2010, more than 10,000 people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. In 2011, 9,878 people were killed in alcohol-impaired crashes. The numbers have steadily decreased, but not enough. By establishing a law that says first time offenders of drunk driving shall be imprisoned for one year, fatalities and arrests will decrease even more. I believe that the fear of being imprisoned will also help decrease drunk driving statistics.Putting someone in prison will make he o r she realize the mistake they made, and that they do not belong in that kind of environment. According to the NHTSA, alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes cost more than an estimated 37 billions dollars annually. By implementing this law, expenses related to drunk driving crashes can also decrease over time. When pulled over for driving drunk, drivers should be imprisoned on the first offense for one year. If this law were implemented, alcohol-impaired related deaths would decrease, as would the amount of arrests.Tragedies like the one that involved my friend, would be avoided. Suspending a person’s license is not a strong enough punishment because it does not ensure that he or she will not drive a car. The man in my story who caused the accident had a suspended license, yet he was still able to get behind the wheel of a car. The decision he made that night resulted in a haunting tragedy for many people. It would not have happened had he been put in prison on his first offe nse.

Managemant Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managemant - Coursework Example The theory of transformational leadership can be used to explain why Gandhi was considered as a great leader. He was regarded as having a divinely inspired gift. He was keen to provide reassurance to his followers to motivate them to overcome the obstacles they faced. Gandhi walked his talk and was very careful to consider the moral consequences of his actions, an indication that he was convinced about the ideals he taught. He also helped his followers to identify his problems and solve them and was hence seen as a champion of changed. Business leaders can learn a lot from Gandhi on matters of effective leadership. The biggest lesson is on the importance of following through on the values they preach about. In the real-organization world, leaders need to ask themselves to what level do they adhere to the organization’s policies on different issues such as dress code, traveling and time schedule. The most important lesson from this exercise is that as a leader I need to lead by example. This will earn me the respect from the people I am leading and it is bound to get me more cooperation since they can see the practicability of the values that I

Is the School Justified in Firing a Teacher Posing for an Adult Websit Research Paper - 1

Is the School Justified in Firing a Teacher Posing for an Adult Website - Research Paper Example II. Any teacher is a role model for his students and as such the high school teachers’ act of posing on an adult, the website gives a bad effect on the ideology of the students. Thus, the teacher should be penalized to prevent further damage to the students’ ideology. III. As a teacher of a school, she should have conformed to some public, moral, business, and ethical standards as her actions affect her students and indirectly a larger community, which she did not, making her eligible to be dismissed. IV. Before getting hired by the school, the teacher signed an agreement which read, â€Å"I agree to promote this schools mission of training good and law-abiding citizens who will make this society a better place to live.† The act of posing for the adult website creates a bad impact on the students. It can happen that the students start posing for adult websites following the teacher. The teacher violates her contractual obligation â€Å"of training good and law-abiding citizens who will make this society a better place to live† (Contract clause) and therefore she should be fired. V. It can be presumed that the teacher has caused harm to the students by posing for an adult website once students have come to know about it and this makes the teacher liable to â€Å"be sued personally for causing student injury† and she may â€Å"also lose her job† (Kaplan and Owings 252). VI. The high school teacher was also negligent in doing her duty towards preventing harm to the students. She never thought for an instant that when her act of posing for an adult website is disclosed she may cause a bad impact on the ideology of the students and indirectly the future of the students. Moreover, â€Å"neglect of duty and negligence† is a ground for dismissal of a teacher in 26 states of US (Neal 86). this case, which includes dismissal of the teacher for immorality, causing harm, violation of contract, injury to the students and negligence.  

Enterprise Database Management System Term Paper

Enterprise Database Management System - Term Paper Example The growing scale of data demands a better and reliable method to manage and access them. Such a demand has yielded in the development of Database Management Systems. Every organization needs some sort of information to be stored and accessed all the time and as a result, Database Management Systems have become an integral part of every organization. A database is nothing but a repository of data where the information are stored in an organized way so that any kind of complex details can be retrieved easily. For example, one may have the details of all employees contact information, but to retrieve the names of all employees who live in a particular place, then the organization of the data in the database could be easily queried upon to retrieve the information. (Rob, Coronel & Crockett, 2008) A DBMS is nothing but software that helps in managing the data stored in the database. As with every other software there are several products of DBMS that are available to help an organization to manage data. Some of the operations that are performed by a DBMS include the basic functions such as adding, deleting and modifying data. (Hoffer, 2009) There are four important characteristics for any DBMS that determine its purpose and usage in an organization. They are, There are several types of modeling languages that are currently available. These include relational, object oriented, network oriented and hierarchical languages. These languages determine the way the data is organized in the databases. (Hoffer, 2009) The efficiency of a DBMS is measured by the number of transactions that can be run concurrently at a given time. The level of concurrency depends on how well the DBMS uses deadlock prevention mechanisms that restrict update access to a data by allowing only one user access a particular data at a time. (Kedar, 2009) The database systems form the basic groundwork for any enterprise. There are obvious

Look at each questions, and answer the questions Essay

Look at each questions, and answer the questions - Essay Example , increased production levels, efficiency and employment all together positively impact the economics of free trade country as it results in rising living standards and increased real incomes (Edge, n.d.). In case of global or regional economic recession, the country’s economy is more dependent on global economy and therefore it is less stable in terms of export incomes, GDP, and employment in export-oriented industries. In the developing countries free trade has a high risk of â€Å"eating† smaller national producers/companies by large international giants as competition between these two parties would not be equal. In case there are no measures undertaken by government in order to protect national producer/manufacturer there is a high risk of occupation of the market by foreign goods (Edge, n.d.). (b) Assume that two countries are competitors in the international trade markets. The two governments are thinking about whether it is profitable to adopt a free trade policy or not. The entries in the table below are showing (in millions of pounds) the gains of each policy. Find the Nash equilibrium. Analyse how you conclude to your answer. The table below illustrates, that when there are imposed restrictions (tariffs) for both countries, both A and B countries lose. If country A introduces free trade policy, then country B will be better off with imposed restrictions as it gets 70 million of pounds with restrictions and only 60 million with free trade. If country A imposes restrictions, then country B is better off with high tariffs, as it will get 20 million of pounds with free trade and 30 million with imposed restrictions. If country B introduces free trade, then country A is better off with free trade as it will get 60 million with free trade and 20 million with imposed restrictions. If country B imposes restrictions, then country A is better off with imposed restrictions, as it gets 30 million imposed restrictions and only 20 million from free trade. The

4 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

4 questions - Assignment Example Associate Justice Florentino Cuellar is new in office after he was sworn in on January 5, 2015. Also, Associate Justice Kruger Leondra assumed office on January 5, 2015 after she was appointed by the Governor on December 22, 2014. Los Angeles Superior Court operates multiple courthouses across the Los Angeles County. One of the court’s courthouses is located at 9355 Burton Way, Beverly Hills. The Beverly Hills courthouse opens from Monday through Friday. Metered parking on the courthouse venue is available at $8.00. Superior Court of California offers legal dispute resolutions programs at Santa Barbara County through online platforms (Smith 28). The County of Santa Barbara online program was established in July 1999, after the Dispute Resolution Committee was inaugurated into office. As of April 2005, the ODRP had a dispute resolution rate of approximately 83%. Sign ordinances are common in most city councils across the United States. Unconstitutionality of sign ordinances can be challenged when posting of signs fail to impede the flow of either vehicular traffic or pedestrians (Smith 24). Admittedly, posting campaign signs on lampposts and utility posts does not impede pedestrian and vehicular traffic flow in any way. Therefore, the court will consider whether the sign ordinance fails to provide free speech even when posting of the signs do not necessarily impede flow of traffic and pedestrians along the

Living in a big city to living in a small city Essay

Living in a big city to living in a small city - Essay Example l amenities and infrastructure such as schools hospitals and spots clubs, in both big and small cities; there is piped water and electricity because of the high populations and the industries that require a constant supply of these facilities (Brown). The infrastructure in both cities includes good paved roads that are made relative to the size and population of the city to accommodate human and vehicular traffic. This makes it to be easier for the resident to access their offices and homes by either driving or commuting in other ways such as underground trains. On the other hand, it is notable that big cities by virtue of size contrast sharply with small cities albeit on related issues. Take pollution for instance, big cities are likely to have more industrial firms which produce comparatively higher emissions in the form of smoke and water pollutants which result in the residents of big cities suffering more from air and water pollution. This is seen in the smog found that is experienced in many large cities such as London as a result of high vehicular traffic as well smoke produced by the many industries therein (Jarvis). Indeed, many of those who move from big to small cities justify their moving is because they want to live in a cleaner environment with fresher air and clean water. Moreover, the other way in which big and small cities differ is the diversity big ones allow the residents in terms of social experiences, as well as economic opportunity. Many big cities like New York are home to many intentional organizations such as the UN headquarters, as a result, they are more cosmopolitan because of they are a melting point of culture from all over the world. Consequently, in such cities one will have better exposure to foreign cultures and will learn to appreciate the diversity, as well as be squinted with new ideas, and to make connections. Economically, in big cities, employment opportunities are easier to come by because of the many firms, which have

Principles of magic and the mechanical philosophy Essay

Principles of magic and the mechanical philosophy - Essay Example Additionally, there was enchaining or bonding. The images that he presents are very detailed with various planetary natures that are always in action. The central point of these images is to communicate to the pneuma which is the astral body of the human beings and also the spirit. The soul of the person who views these images is attracted by them and thus apprehends them thus giving the person knowledge and wisdom. Therefore, the emphases for Bruno is the fact that there are always chains and bonds formed that are capable of communicating to the human soul. The chains and bonds that are supreme he referred to as vincula in his magic. He further goes on to say that: â€Å"There are three gates through which the hunter of souls [animarum venator] ventures to bind: vision, hearing and mind or imagination. If it happens that someone passes through all three of these gates, he binds most powerfully and ties down most tightly† (Bruno, 1997, p.155).In her book, the death of nature, Carolyn Merchant attempts to document the ecological and economic changes that were ongoing in Western Europe in the late 16th and early 17th century. Sweeping changes in both ecology and technology made it possible for there to be material conditions which facilitated the existence of new ideas. Although she cautions that her argument does not wholly support that material changes did not necessarily lead to ideological changes, she says that there are some ideas that appear more prevalent than others in a given period of time.in time. Furthermore, she claims that some ideas like those associated with magic and an organic view of the world become less compelling whereas the mechanical approaches are developed and adopted. There seems to be a back and forth argument in The Death of Nature between the social conditions as well as material conditions associated with nature and science. The strongest ideas are however those that are in support of the

International Human Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Human Rights - Assignment Example In another dimension, human rights goals have been to endorse the issue of human dignity, which ensures that violations of human rights have been elucidated in order to foster peace thus socioeconomic development. Ways through which contemporary international human rights reflect values that transcend different cultural traditions International human rights have been cited to have contributed greatly on issues affecting citizens of different countries. This is evidenced by numerous issues affecting different countries in regard to various cultural traditions and values eminent in every country. In this regard, international human rights have been structured in such a manner that every country is well represented and their issues related to human rights articulated on. Therefore, international human rights recognize cultural differences, and put those differences into the context of standardizing human rights across the globe. For example, just like Piere and Weston noted, in the Unit ed States, Americans would be cited demanding better conditions for homeless and equality and sufficient health insurance. On the other hand, some countries like Cuba have issues related to its citizens demanding for freedom of speech and transparent elections (Piere and Weston 3). With such deliberations, it is apparent that the international human rights had to come up with a mechanism through which these cultural differences that are evidenced through violation of human rights could be addressed. In light with this, the first step involved probing into the possibility of elucidating human rights through universal declaration of human rights by the United Nations in 1948 (Fassbender 77). In order to standardize human rights everywhere, the commission on human rights mandated by the United Nations in drafting international bill of rights authorized all member states to formulate a draft of human rights that would have been used in the development of the international bill of rights . In light with this, it is apparent that such efforts reflect values that transcend cultural traditions across the globe. Rationale for sovereignty and its course on human rights Sovereignty and human rights have for a long time been seen as two opposed concepts with rights of the states being viewed as tending to control rights of individuals. This is more evident in liberal democratic countries. This is reflected by the way people’s rights are violated by the political elite. Although many people with sovereignty may be seen to guarantee human rights, it is apparent that some actions by those in power violate the same rights they promise to guarantee. In another dimension, there have been contentious issues in relation whether states are justified in any way to intervene in another country’s internal affairs in the bid to push for human rights protection. In as much as states can be justified in the intervening in another country’s internal affairs, the notio n of state sovereignty barring other states from interfering with internal affairs has always paved a way for some countries to violate human rights without the fear of any interference from other states. In fact, some people believe that non-intervention by foreign states is the best way to promote human rights as well as maintaining international peace (Piere and Weston 5). However, it is correct

German-Jews and the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

German-Jews and the Holocaust Essay Prior to the era of Second World War in 1930s, community of Jews had already established their society within the German realm. For last 1600 years of German-Jewish relations, German Jews were first to experience the dramatic persecutions inflicted by the German society. b. Overview German-Jews, despite of their German blood, did not experience any benefits or considerations during the Second World War. Prior to war (1938), the population of German Jews within Germany was approximately 560,000 (Lavsky 78). As supported by Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth (2003), German Jews were at that time classified as coherent groups from the entire Jewish community (220). The feud between the German-Jews and the German society had originated from the rich Jewish culture and German Jewry that brought the hallmark of modernity to the Germany nation (Wright, Ager and Hantrais et al. 16). In fact, higher factions from German Jews were those families from middle to upper class sections, which considerably imply the rich legacy of German Jews in Germany (Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth 220). According to Geller (2005), during the pre-war era, Germany was the official immigration beacon for the Jewish people, which eventually led to the assimilations and hybridizations of culture and lineage (1). During the initial years of World War II, German Jews were used as threatening objects against the overall Jewish community. According to Lavsky (2002), there were around 322,000 German Jews emigrated after a year followed by significant killings, massive German Jews persecutions and many were placed into exile (78). Nazi leaders in 1938 and 1939 anticipated the initial killings of the deported German Jews at Germany in order to threaten the Jewish community and motivate them to leave Germany (Victor 195). Every Jewish kind presently living in Germany and near-by nations had become the prospects of Hitler’s annihilation plan. Even during the pre-war era, German Jews were the ones who first suffered from the activities of Nazis and Hitler’s henchmen. In 1941, the population of German Jews had dropped from 560,000 down to 150,000, which eventually dropped progressively due to the continuous deportation and murders within German camps (Lavsky 78). In 1933, the time when Hitler rise to power, German Jews did not possess any effective organization to resist the anti-Jewish campaigns of the Nazis (Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth 221). During the same year, German Jews were noted to be at their height of social power with their members leading Germany’s trade, commerce, white-collar professions and different upper class positions (Herf 36). However, by the time Hitler and his Nazi started with their destructive anti-Jewish campaigns, German Jews became the initial target of their propaganda. After the war, the population of existing German Jews was approximately 9000 comprising mostly of survivors from concentration camps, mainly in Theresienstadt (Lavsky 78). In the study, we explore the life of these German Jews during and post progressions of Anti-Jewish campaigns. II. Discussion a. German-Jewish in the Era of Holocaust The notoriously famed Nazi leader – Hitler – only aimed his destructive concentration among the existing Jewish population within Germany. However, even the German Jews were discreetly alarmed as Hitler came to power in 1933. According to Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth (2003), German Jews established a movement called the Federal Representation of German Jews or the Reichsvertretung in September 17, 1933 composed of middle- and upper-class Jews. The head of the movement was Berlin Rabbi Leo Baeck – German’s most influential Jewish Rabbi (221). However, the problems confronted by the organization were its fragile foundations and relatively small number of population incapable of directing change to the overall Jewish community. According to Herf (2006), the population of German Jews in 1933 comprised only 0. 76% of the total German demographics (35). Unfortunately, the rise of Nazis in 1933s immediately degraded German Jews community with the Nazi’s strategies of armed resistance, alleviation, evasion, paralysis and compliance (Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth 221). According to Bankier (2000), even with the German Jews’ distinct suspicion against the Nazi’s rising dictatorial rule channeled in their anti-Semitism movement, Nazi was still able to pursue their anti-Jewish campaigns discreetly and flawlessly under the leadership of Hitler (373). The political rule of Nazism and anti-Semitism provided Hitler and his campaigns discreet opportunities in influencing other German organizations. According to Merchant, Rubenstein and Roth (2003), tactics of oppressions made by Nazi’s were initially tolerable to maintain their stealth campaigns against German Jews (222). All efforts made to combat the expanding powers of Nazism and anti-Semitism were countered and made futile (Bankier 373). In 1933, Nazi’s expanded powers were able to dissolve the Reichsvertretung organization established by the German Jewish community. Nazi was able to implement a political notion preventing any establishment of organization against to the ideologies of anti-Semitism and Nazism. As supported by Bankier (2000), any attempts made to counter the existing movements of Nazism and anti-Semitism were, by default, considered as an attack against the dictatorial government (373). German Jewish community was not able to resist the impending threats of Hitler’s campaigns. Incidence of Jewish persecution began to rise and the powers of the Jewish community against the Nazi were eventually oppressed. According to Herf (2006), Hitler and his Nazi movement were aware of the wide influences of the existing middle- and upper-class German Jews; hence, in order to continue with their plan, they first had to dissolve the powers of German Jewish sect and the community’s political associates (37). Initial attempts made by the Nazis were to strip these German Jews professions from their authorities within the German society. According to Kremer (1989), there were around 300,000 German Jewish professionals immediately terminated from their posts between 1933 and 1934 (93). Hitler aimed his tactics on the professional denominations of German Jews to reduce the risk of forming potential propaganda or organization against the growing Nazi. Following the great number of terminated professionals was the Nazi’s campaigns of emigration for these German Jews fronting the promise of safety. Most German Jews were emigrated from Germany to nearby nations, while some were threatened and persecuted. The persecution of German Jews became the initial step of Nazi’s threats against the overall Jewish community. In 1938, approximately 20,000 German Jews, together with 15,000 Austrian Jews, fought against the Nazi regime (Bankier 376). The persecution of German Jews had triggered the hallmark of German Jewish deportation. In November 1938, approximately 10,000 Jews committed massive suicide as a sign of protest to the Nazi regime (Bankier 376). According to Victor (2000), Hitler delegated some of his commandants, such as Chief Security Main Office Reinhard Heydrich and Hitler’s designated successor Hermann Wilhelm Goring, to facilitate the emigration of German Jews first to Great Britain, then smuggling them towards the Palestine lands (195). According to Rosen and Apfelbaum (2002), German Jews emigrated to Poland were placed under the jurisdictions of Soviet Union and German camps situated within the area. German Jews emigrated to the concentration camps of Siberia known as Gulag had been held as capitalists. The Soviet Union did not murder any single Jew under their jurisdiction and, with Communism being against other religion, anti-Semitism and the Jew’s Zionist movement were collapsed (Rosen and Apfelbaum 12). After the Poland attacks in September 1939, World War II was officially ignited within the Western parts of Europe spreading across other nations. During the same year, 3. 5 million Jews were placed under totalitarian rule (Rosen and Apfelbaum 12). After the attack on Poland, Goring and Heydrich reported to Hitler stating the closure of emigration for German Jews because Poland had refused accepting the emigrated Jews; hence, a deportation back to Germany was initiated by Heydrich (Victor 195). Emigration of German Jews was halted in Hitler’s order. Instead, these individuals were placed into exile and shipped to different German concentration camps. b. Different Scenarios of Persecution During the plot establishment of Nazi’s anti-Jewish campaign, the hardest part was defining the coverage of their campaign. According to Cesarani and Kavanaugh (2004), Nazi’s transition from demagogic campaign to anti-Semitism was confused by the issue on whether they need to include German Jewish community in their plot of anti-Jewish activities (239). German Jews community comprised 3,400 registered mixed marriages in 1932 alone, and this population denomination was called German Jewish Mischlinge (Cesarani and Kavanaugh 239). According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), German Jews had experienced anti-Jewish campaigns as early as 1933 with the implementation of the Nazi’s largest anti-Jewish boycott. After two years, the approved Nuremberg laws deprived Jewish community of their appropriate citizenship, which prohibited most of the Jews social rights, such as marriage, sexual relations and professional affiliations (Shapiro 286). From 1935 up to 1938, German Jews experienced intense persecutions from all sides of German society. On November 9, 1938, the murderous anti-Jewish campaign began. According to the recovered news report, entitled Nazi Terror Presaged on Kristallnacht (Crystal Night) dated November 9, 1938, approximately twenty thousand German Jews were emigrated to the Polish frontier just to be denied by the Poland government and to be reduced to poverty (cited in Slater and Slater 192). The scope of Hitler’s anti-Jewish campaign included all kinds of Jewish denomination comprising the high population of Mischlinge. According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), the night of November 9 marked the murder of ninety-one Jews living in Germany, three-hundred were arrested unconditionally, and seventy-five Jewish-owned businesses burned and vandalized (400). The year of 1938 became the marked starting year of the German Jews’ intensive persecution implemented by the Nazi Germans. After the incidents of 1938’s Crystal Night, the German Jews did not receive any justice or support from the dictatorial Germany. Under the influence of Nazi’s anti-Jewish campaigns, German Jews were banned from many public establishments and various social rights (e. g. obtaining driver’s license, owning business permits, etc. ). In 1939, after Germany’s attacks on Western Europe and Poland invasion, Hitler announced his Final Solution for freeing Germany from the Jewish population. According to Victor (2000), the final solution of Hitler was to kill and/or deport German Jews and the existing Jewish community (195). This was the formal inauguration of Hitler’s worldwide plot of Jewish annihilation. Prominent German Jews, such as politicians, scientists, journalists, composers, actors, religious leaders and teachers were forced into exile in the Nazi’s effort of destroying the Jewish culture existing in Germany (Wright, Ager and Hantrais et al. 17). By September 1939, mass killings on Polish Jews and exile of German Jews by death squads had increased its number. Immediately in 1940, the killings were followed by annihilation of German Jews and Jewish patients in all German hospitals (Victor 196). According to Rosen and Apfelbaum (2002), in 1940, the Nazis implemented their ghettoization scheme wherein Jews present in German concentration camps were placed tightly inside the Nazi-established Ghetto gathering them around prior to massive execution (12). During this time, Nazi was also gathering all the riches and properties left by the German Jews. By November 1940, all collections of Jews from Germany and Poland were starved to death as ordered by Hitler himself (Victor 196). Killing campaigns against the Jewish community had reached the extreme extent of murdering Jews on a daily basis (Rosen and Apfelbaum 12). Small Jewish villages found by the Nazis were immediately dissolved, while captivated dues were immediately sent to concentration camps to participate in the Nazi’s ghettoization scheme. According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), German Jews shipped in one of the famous Nazi concentration camps – Auschwitz – reached the count of 43,103 from the overall Jewish demographics of 139,606 present in the said area (401). Within the concentration camps and Nazi ghettos, Jews were sorted accordingly depending on their field of profession and capacity to work. Some of the famed Nazi machines used by the Nazi to annihilate Jewish communities were their automotive exhaust vans fillies with Zyklon B (cyanide) and man-made death camps with installed human incarcerations and cyanide showers (Victor 197). Since elderly and female population were less active and functional compared to the males, they were gathered inside the ghettos and suffered extermination from the Nazi machines (Wyman and Rosenzveig 401). Meanwhile, according to Rosen and Apfelbaum (2002), there were around 15,000 Jewish children from German emigrants incarcerated at Auschwitz concentration camp, and from this number, only 100 survived (14). The efforts of the Nazi to wipe out the entire Jewish lineage had brutally affected the Jews living in the Germany from elders to children of every gender. Fortunately, with the early emigration campaigns of Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler (the proponents of Anti-Jewish campaign – Final Solution); majority of the German Jews had escaped the claws of Hitler. However, the German Jewish community established for 1600 years was greatly damaged to the brink of extinction. c. Post-War Conditions After the implementations of war and anti-Jewish campaigns, Jews from around the world delighted due to their survival from the raging chaos brought by Hitler. According to Geller (2005), the German Jews first enjoyed the emancipation of Jewish community from Nazi’s and German society’s persecutions (2). However, the casualties resulted by the Nazi’s campaigns were intense and almost annihilated the entire community. From the three noted cities of Germany namely (a) Cologne, (b) Dusseldorf and (c) Hanover, the persecutions of Nazis against the German Jews had indeed resulted to a dramatic decline of German Jewish population nationwide. According to 1925 census, there are about 16,000 German Jews living in Cologne, 5,130 living in Dusseldorf – Westphalia and 423,000 in Hanover. However, after the census in August 1945, German Jews survivor from these areas decreased to 40 to 50 Jews hiding at Cologne, 638 Jews from Dusseldorf and 1,200 from Hanover (Lavsky 82). According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), World War II had led to the closure of all Jewish establishments within Germany and almost all on the nearby European countries, while the approximated 3000 Jewish religious organizations were closed and absorbed by the German Imperial Association (401). Casualties of the war involved 160,000 to 180,000 murdered German Jews, while an estimated 8,000 survived the transports, camps and death marches (Wyman and Rosenzveig 401). Jewish survivors found hidden in slaughtered communities and concentration camps were immediately brought to Allied Group’s medical attention. Unfortunately, German Jews found in other areas except for concentration camps were treated discriminately as well due to their German lineage (Kochavi 56). With the help of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and established Allied forces, Jews from these camps were immediately provided with rations and supplies (Wyman and Rosenzveig 401). Discriminations and public conflict against German Jews did not last long. Allied forces had facilitated the return of properties and reestablishment of Jewish communities on areas affected by war. According to Kochavi (2001), western Allies suspended all the passed legislations that discriminated Jews of any denomination in Germany (56). The suspension was for the purpose of remigration and re-establishment of Jewish settlement within the German premises. However, the ideology of anti-Semitism did not end even after the death of Hitler or the war. According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), â€Å"Semitic excesses continued, especially in Poland, where Europe witnessed its last full-scale pogrom against Jews in the town of Kielce in the summer of 1946, forcing thousands to flee to the (Displaced Person) DP camps of Germany† (402). Despite of the existing conflicts in Germany, the Berlin Allied administration aided in the return of the Eastern European refugees, which comprised mostly of German Jews emigrated during post-war, to reestablish Jewish community within Germany (Wyman and Rosenzveig 401). On April 30, 1946, approximately 74,000 German Jews remigrated back to their post-war German community. During this time, the Jewish community started establishing different organizations to help rebuild their community as well as to strengthen the legal and civil rights of Jews of all denominations within Germany. Despite the massive murders, removal of Jewish properties, destruction of their established communities and brutal persecutions, German Jews were able to reestablish their lost heritage within post-war Germany. d. International Relations of Germany during World War II On the other hand, Germany had suffered tremendous notoriety impression worldwide due to the inhumane campaigns brought by Nazi and its leader- Hitler. After the incident of Krisallnacht in November 9, 1938, the United States was immediately alarmed by the chaos caused by the pre-warring activities of Germany. According to the German ambassador in Washington, Hans Dickhoff, American people at that time were indeed incensed against Germany without any single exception (Slater and Slater 194). November 23 of 1938, few days after the Krisallnacht incident, New York protestors conducted a massive demonstration protesting on the massive violence brought by Germany to the Jews. Activities of the Joint Boycott Council were then followed up by Chicago’s protests that led to the burning of the German flag (Slater and Slater 194). During the post-war era, German citizens initially did not acknowledge their committed crimes against the community of Jews. The ideology of anti-Semitism continued from 1946 to 1948 until the election of Konrad Adenauer – the first chancellor of the newly formed Federal Republic (Wyman and Rosenzveig 401). With the leading of Adenauer, policies and regulations were passed to ensure the protection of Jews from possible German persecution, especially from those still in-lines with the anti-Semitic ideology. According to Wyman and Rosenzveig (1996), Denazification began with the Nuremberg tribunal established on November 20, 1945, which was presided by the Allied victors (404). Denazification was initiated by German society with the help of United States, which aimed at fostering the restitution process between the citizens of Germany and the crimes they had committed against the Jewish community. ). III. Conclusion In conclusion, German Jews had indeed suffered their tremendous faith from the hands of the Nazis and Hitler’s direction from 1933 up to 1945 post-war. The persecution against German Jews was due to their increasing participation within the German society, and the extensive riches and powers possessed by this Jewish denomination. With the rise of Nazi in 1933, German Jews became the initial targets of Hitler and his campaigns in order to prevent any establishment of organization oriented against his campaigns. Persecution against German Jews and all other Jewish denominations continued more tolerable Nazi strategies (e. g. massive boycott, vandalism, decline of social rights, etc. ) up to aggressive activities (e. g. murder, decline of Jewish major rights, etc. ). In 1938, German Jewish was emigrated from Germany to Poland, Russia and other nearby European nations. The program of German Jews emigration was facilitated by Reinhard Heydrich and Hermann Wilhelm Goring. However, during the eruption of war in September 1939, emigration of Jews was stopped and, instead of being illegally smuggled into Palestinian countries, German Jews were brought to concentration camps to participate in the extermination activities of German Nazis. After the war, German Jews and other Jewish denominations were reduced to a very small population. Allied forces and United Nations helped in the reestablishment of Jewish community within the German estates by suspending the discriminative legislations approved during the Nazi era. Currently, the population German Jews living in Germany is considered the third largest Jewish denomination existing across the European countries. IV. References Bankier, David. Probing the Depths of German Antisemitism: German Society and the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1941. Germany, London: Berghahn Books, 2000. Cesarani, David, and Sarah Kavanaugh. Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. New York, London: Routledge, 2004.

Bio-based Polymers and Their Future Trends: Article Review

Bio-based Polymers and Their Future Trends: Article Review The selected article, Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends[1], provides insight into the present tendencies, technological advancements, and the prospective utilisation of bio-based polymers obtained with renewable means. A wide domain of bio-based polymers are analysed in this article specifically focusing on its production, its characteristics and its potential in commercialisation. The review also measures the subsequent challenges whilst introducing these polymers for appliance. Consequently, the analysis of the review article pertains generally to specialists such as scientists possessing a background knowledge of bio-based polymers, to entrepreneurs who intend to commercialise these bio-based polymers due to their increase in allure as a renewable and environmentally friendly product and perhaps to enthusiasts. Part of this reasoning is due to the extensive use of chemical jargon and its passive and scientific articulation. Subsequently, the review art icle was difficult to comprehend as a scientifically sound reader. The discipline ideally suited for the review article is a combination of organic chemistry, polymer chemistry. Organic chemistry and polymer chemistry are both a chemistry subdiscipline where the former deals with the study of organic materials[2], matter formed with carbon atoms, and where the latter deals with the study of synthetic polymers[3]. The article examines the bio-based polymers, hence falling into the categories of organic chemistry and polymer chemistry. Additional disciplines can be related to this article but may seem ambiguous such as materials science which briefly covers the study of polymers[4] and industrial engineering[5] which examines the cost effectiveness of the production of these bio-based polymers. Therefore, article should be categorised as a discipline of organic chemistry as it focuses on bio-based polymers. The association concerning the discipline of organic chemistry and the review article from the journal Progress in Biomaterials relates thoroughly within. As stated in the description[6], this journal examines the preparation and characteristics of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo and assesses its compatibility in areas such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and implants and regenerative medicine. The editorial board regarding this journal is of an international standard where people from universities universally gather in order to publish and review this journal. Hence this journal is open accessed and peer reviewed published under the SpringerOpen brand and also approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, obtaining a high credible standard[7]. The journal, published by one of the many leading academic services[8], is therefore associated with the discipline of organic and polymer chemistry. The purpose of the review is to assess a variety of bio-based polymers of their production, characteristics, their effective future applications in our society and its difficulties. The review article investigates and assesses as much as ten bio-based polymers, each with diverse scrutinies, and therefore cellulose[9] will be briefly discussed as an example of what is reported as it is also associated with the primary article[10] that will be compared from the review articled. In this review article, cellulose, reported to be one of the largest bio-based polymer produced[11], is attained through the two methods: sulfite and pre-hydrolysis kraft pulping and has a ninety seven percent purity rate[12]. Cellulose is a rigid polymer and is highly tensile relative to other bio-based polymers. This causes processing problems and therefore is plasticised, mixing itself with other polymers, to soften itself for ease of use[13]. Subsequently, there are three main branches of which cellulosoic p olymers are classified under after chemical modification for applications: cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and regenerated cellulose. Each of these have difference uses: cellulose esters are mainly utilised for film and fiber, cellulose ethers are used in food and personal care and regenerated cellulose are used for disposables, textiles and fabrics[14]. The main drawback to the production of this renewable source is the low yields compared to its high expense.[15] The immense amount of professional research expressed into this review article accounts for the 159 references. Many of these references are primary articles which are peer reviewed whilst there are also some that are also review articles. Most of these references are linked to reputable academic services such as Oxford Academic and Science Direct. The sources of the review article are generally recent as most of them are from the 21st Century. The selected primary article, Cellulose Extraction from Palm Kernel Cake Using Liquid Phase Oxidation[16], is an experimental report that investigates the production of cellulose via its extraction from palm kernel cake with the method of liquid phase oxidation. Specifically this primary article highlights the optimization of this process where the yield of cellulose would increase as a variable changed such as the ration of hydrogen peroxide and the hot water treatment. As a result a theoretical optimal point was discovered. The investigations of this primary article is significant to the review article as it contributes through the production of cellulose, one of the many bio-based polymers discussed in the review article. This helps the audience to understand how cellulose is produced, providing insight on its benefits and drawbacks. While both articles relate to cellulose, the nature and purpose can be distinguishable. The primary article contains experimental data and methods which aimed to optimise the yield of cellulose whereas the review article aimed to provide information to an audience, gathering its data from a variety of sources. Reference List Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. Babu et al.: Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials 2013 2:8, accessed 22 March 2017, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8> Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono. Cellulose Extraction from Palm Kernel Cake Using Liquid Phase Oxidation. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2009, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yan_yan_Farm/publication/49593921_Cellulose_extraction_from_palm_kernel_cake_using_liquid_phase_oxidation/links/57bc0e4e08aefea8f0f5f46e.pdf> [1] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 [2] ACS, Chemistry for Life, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-chemistry.html [3] ACS, Chemistry for Life, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/polymer-chemistry.html [4] Merriam-Webster, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/materials%20science [5] Oregon state University, accessed 25 March 2017, http://mime.oregonstate.edu/what-do-industrial-engineers-do [6] Springer Link, accessed 25 March 2017, https://link.springer.com/journal/40204 [7] Springer, accessed 25 March 2017, http://www.springer.com/materials/biomaterials/journal/40204?detailsPage=editorialBoard [8] Springer, accessed 25 March 2017http://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer [9] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 [10] Journal of Engineerring Science and Technology, accessed 25 March 2017 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yan_yan_Farm/publication/49593921_Cellulose_extraction_from_palm_kernel_cake_using_liquid_phase_oxidation/links/57bc0e4e08aefea8f0f5f46e.pdf [11] Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono. 2009. Sec. 1 Para. 1 [12] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para.1 [13] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para 2 [14] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para 3 [15] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 10 Para 1 [16] Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono Sec.4 Para.1

Hazardous Materials Encountered by Firefighters

Hazardous Materials Encountered by Firefighters Introduction: Its worth mentioning that being a firefighter is a very hard job. In fact, firefighters have to face a lot of dangerous situations every day in which they must be very careful in order not to lose their lives. One of the things firefighters have to deal with is hazardous materials. Any kind of substance or material that could lead to causing any harm to a human, an establishment or living organisms and surroundings is considered hazardous. On the other side, there are certain emergency situations where these hazardous materials are left without covers or lids and could lead to injuries or burnings to humans. Thats why a lot of organizations provide firefighters with a lot of training programs in order to teach them how to be able to take correct decisions while facing any danger. These programs are very helpful because they increase the awareness of workers and enable them to determine any hazardous situation, analyze the dangerous materials and isolate them in order not to cause har m as well as protecting the surroundings. Hazardous materials that firefighters encounter: One of the most famous organizations responsible for offering protection and guidelines for firefighters to assure their safety is National Fire Protection Association. As a matter of fact, this association managed to create a marking system in order to determine certain characteristics. In case of finding these characteristics, the firefighter must know that these materials are hazardous and he must be very careful while dealing with them. This system is formed in the shape of a diamond and it has four sections. Each section is marked by a different color and represents a certain characteristic. Here are these four sections: First: materials that could lead to health problems: this section is marked by blue color. As a matter of fact, health issues can be generated from being exposed to something like inhaling gases and could last for different periods ranging between a second and one hour or more. On the contrary, physical efforts and operations done by firefighters during these emergency cases could result in increasing the strength of bad consequences over those employees and could lead to negative outcomes. Second: materials that could lead to burning: this section is marked by red color. This section contains any materials that could cause raise the risk levels and could expose firefighters to burning. From these materials are flammable gases or liquids. Thats why there are various ways to attack and put out the fire according to the element of susceptibility of each material. Third: materials that could result in producing energy whether they are combined with water or not: this section is marked by yellow color. It also includes cases related to being exposed to fire and shock or pressure. Furthermore, materials in this category could be reactive or stable based on the element of susceptibility existed in them. Some of these materials are explosives for instance. Fourth: this section is marked in white. In addition, it only mentions information about the characteristics of each hazardous material like whether they are reactive or not with water and if they are capable of being oxidized or not. Steps employed to ensure public safety in the event of an accidental release: In addition to creating the marking system of hazardous materials, the American Environmental Protection Agency was able to create a protection system to help firefighters and provide them with the right procedures and precautions to be implemented in emergency situations. The Agency has divided these procedures into four levels: A, B, C and D.   The first level: firefighters must wear clothes that offer the highest levels and standards of protection since they will have to deal with extremely dangerous substances. Thats why they have to put on suits and boots resistant to any chemical materials, gloves to cover their hands, hats and other garments to protect their faces and bodies. They also must be provided with breathing devices in case of being chocked. The second level: firefighters in this level have to be provided with clothes to protect their respiratory system. However, protecting eyes and skin is needed but less than the first level. Thats why firefighters are offered clothes resistant to chemicals as well as breathing apparatuses. The third level:firefighters in this level cover their faces and are provided with devices to purify air from any toxic materials as well as clothes resistant to chemicals and respirators. They use these suits and apparatuses when they have information about concentration of hazardous materials, their characteristics and types. Besides, firefighters in this level are provided with suits to protect their skin like in the second level. However, respiratory protection is low comparing to level B. The fourth level: firefighters in this level are provided with normal clothes. These clothes are used as uniform for the job since they dont offer any kind of protection whether for the skin or the respiratory system. Thats why firefighters must not put them on in case of dangerous or emergency cases.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: In a nutshell, being a firefighter is extremely a difficult job. The reason for that is because you can lose your life in any second. Thats why every single firefighter must be careful while dealing with emergency situations. He must also have a background about the kinds of hazardous materials he could encounter in any fire scene. Besides, he has to know how to deal with situations and how to take the right decision under pressure. On the other side, organizations which are interested in firefighters must provide them with trainings and events in order to increase their awareness and encourage them to face dangers using right methods and techniques. In addition, they have to attract the attention of the whole world to the importance of such job, the problems firefighters might face and health problems they might be exposed do during their daily work. Finally, they have to offer those firefighters with the needed resources and clothes in order to be able to protect themselves well ag ainst any danger. References   Metro Graphics. (2001). Emergency Department Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents. Retrieved from atsdr.cdc.go: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mhmi-v2-2.pdf NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. (2001). HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS . Retrieved from atsdr.cdc.gov: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mhmi-v2-a.pdf Sandoval County Fire Department. (2013, Dec). Hazardous Materials Awareness: Self-Study Guide. Retrieved from bosqueschoolshaw.weebly.com: http://bosqueschoolshaw.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/9/0/22907224/scfd_haz_mat_self_study_guide.pdf

Popularity of Soccer Around the World Essay -- essays research papers

Popularity of Soccer Around the World I am going to talk about the most popular sport in the world: football. Now, you may be having visions of huge quarterbacks, dressed up in their padding and helmets, parading down the field during the Super Bowl. But the other kind of football, the football the rest of the world knows, has no padding or helmets. This other football is known in America as soccer. In more than 175 countries across the globe, football, or soccer, rates as the number 1 national sport. Football dates back as far as thousands of years ago. There are records that show that ancient civilizations of Greece, Egypt, and China (among others) played an age-old form of football with a stuffed leather ball. Early games in Old England were like mob riots. There were no rules; it was anything goes! The games were so rowdy and violent that many English rulers tried to outlaw them. But it didn’t work. In fact, English travelers took the game with them, spreading it all around the globe. But there needed to be rules. In 1863 the Football Association was formed, or FA, in England. They developed the first real set of rules for modern soccer, or football, as we know it. And actually, the word â€Å"soccer† came from their name, specifically from the word â€Å"assoc†. By 1900 football teams from all different countries were playing against each other, and there was a need for a common set of rules. In 1904 the Federation Internationale de Football Association, or more commonly...

Hamlet †its Universality :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet – its Universality  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragic play Hamlet is an excellent example, perhaps the best in English literature, of a work that has universal appeal. This essay will analyze the incredible universality of this drama, with the input of literary critics.    Robert B. Heilman in â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare† relates the universality of Shakespeare to the â€Å"innumerableness of the parts†:    But the Shakespeare completeness appears graspable and possessable to many men at odds with each other, because of the innumerableness of the parts: these parts we may consider incompletenesses, partial perspectives, and as such they correspond to the imperfect (but not necessarily invalid) modes of seeing and understanding practiced by imperfect (but not necessarily wrongheaded) interpreters and theorists of different camps. Each interpreter sees some part of the whole that does, we may say, mirror him, and he then proceeds to enlarge the mirror until it becomes the work as a whole (10).    Indeed, the reader finds a wide variety of â€Å"parts† from beginning to end of Hamlet. This is seen in the fact of over 20 characters with speaking roles; and in their variety of   occupations from king to grave-digger; and in the 20 different scene changes; and in the differentiation in speech, actions, etc. between every single individual character. Observe the countless parts in the opening scenes: The play begins with the changing of the sentinels on a guard platform of the wall of the castle of Elsinore. Recently the spectral likeness of dead King Hamlet has appeared to the sentinels. Tonight the ghost appears again to Barnardo, Marcellus and Horatio, a very close friend of Hamlet. Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is home from school, dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle. There is a gathering of the court, where Claudius pays tribute to the memory of his decease d brother, the former king, and then conducts some items of business. Hamlet is there dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. His first words say that Claudius is "A little more than kin and less than kind," indicating a dissimilarity in values between the new king and himself. Heilmann’s â€Å"innumerableness of the parts† is abundantly testified to in just the first two scenes described in this paragraph. The 18 remaining scenes are similarly full of variety.

Love is Like Water Essay

Love is Like Water, We can Fall in it, We can Drown in it, But we can’t Live Without it Men are born inferior to women. Now I’m Sure there are many men who disagree, however it is a scientific fact. Any person born with the ‘y’ chromosome is born inferior. The conflicting views of men and women have been questioned and debated for centuries. For many years it is said that the male species are superior to women. It wasn’t until August 18, 1940 men deemed women smart enough to vote and have our own political voice. Men have always been the dominant species in most anything in society. It wasn’t until recent studies that show women actually have higher IQ’s then men. It is believed that juggling family life and building a career on top of that has made women smarter. In reality Women and men brains are just wired differently. Men differ from women with their emotions, their affection and also their communication skills. Women are said to be more emotional than men The fact of the matter women do actually communicate with through emotions and intimacy. Research shows that women use language as a way to maintain and develop relationships. Women tend to react more emotionally than men, resulting in submerging themselves, (mind body and soul) into making decisions. For example, women often ask there signficant other â€Å"are you listening† and the man replies â€Å"yes honey I’m listening† and then we reply â€Å"what did I just say† It’s because women feed off of body language. We believe that if your not looking at us, youre not listening. Men see women as less competent to making decisions that involve a lot of thought, and this is due to women’s emotions. Which is probably why a women have never been elected to be president. Women are just more emotional when it comes to, Movies, relationships, and everyday life trials and tribulations. Women use words to start and continue a relationship with a person they find special and close to their heart. They focus more on what they say and do when conversing, which explains why they also find listening an important part in a conversation. Those are the causes that affect women more then men. The difference of emotion is mostly noticed during the midst of a relationship, when a woman seems to not be understood by men and vice versa. Men on the other hand impulsively react to situations for the sake of having a reason to do so. Men tend to simplify their communication in times of  hardship, they do not ex press themselves they way women do. Many women believe that men are very simple minded with no knowledge of anything, and don’t care about anything. In reality most men can communicate and their patterns for thinking are based on logic and reasoning. Men communicate as a way of power rather than as a way of reaching out to another person. For men, conversation is the way you negotiate your status in the world and keep people from pushing you around. They use their communication skills to preserve their independence. Men tend to think that it is logical to state how important their lives are so that they would rise above other men and be seen as the â€Å"Alpha Male†. During a conversation, body language seems to play a much smaller role for men. Men tend to be less skilled at using body language to influence communication without seeming to be doing so. The male’s brain has a greater mass and more gray matter, which leads to a higher ability to process information as facts instead of their emotions like women. Women show affection in a lot of ways. Women show their affection by physical touch, holding hands, giving hugs, or rubbing our significant others back. Some women do it by saying nice things. Some do it by giving gifts. Other women may show their affection by cooking you tasty dinners. There are a lot of ways to show affection, and no two women show it in exactly the same way. â€Å"Actions speak louder than words† is actually more than a clichà ©, it’s truer of men than it is for women in regard to how they show affection. men are more likely to show affection in unspoken ways through actions. There is less subtlety with men. When a guy cares about you, he is likely to find ways to spend time with you, whether enjoying your company or sharing activities such as movies, bowling, miniature golf etc. When a man cares about a women he wants to show her off. studies show that, even if a man is not particularly confident, he will try to engage in physical intimacy with the one he loves and cares deeply about. Women relationships focus on making connections talk is crucial to this process. Sharing secrets, relating experiences, revealing problems and discussing options are essential during a woman’s development. Women generally take another approach to relationships. Their mate is not less profound, it’s just different. focusing on activities rather than conversation. Men believe communication should have a crystal clear purpose. Every conversation is suppose be problem solving or a point that needs to be made. Communication  is used to get to the root of the an issue as efficiently as possible. Women uses communication to discover how she is feeling and what it is she wants to say. She sees conversation as an act of sharing and an opportunity to increase intimacy with her partner. A women tries to dispose negative feelings to strengthen her bond with the man she loves. Although there are many diffrences between men and women. For the most part, men and women use, and prefer, the same ways of comforting their partner.

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s a young people’s settings Essay

My role of a Teaching Assistant begins at 7.45 am where my colleague and I begin preparation for the school Breakfast Club. This includes setting out table top activities such as jigsaws, colouring and ipads. Breakfast Club also has a pool table so I write a weekly rota for this to ensure fair play. During breakfast club I encourage the children to sit together and eat a healthy breakfast of cereal, toast and choice of fruit juice. I have time to sit, chat and take part in the activities the children are doing which enables me to form good relationships with the children there. Breakfast Club is new to the school in Sept 2013 so we are currently putting together a display board which shows examples of the breakfasts, posters designed by the children and pictures of the staff that work there. Then I have 10 minutes in the nursery unit to help the teacher do some preparation for the day, for example this maybe hiding arrows around the playing field for the children to take part in a treasure hunt or preparing pots of paint. We then welcome the children into class and help them with hanging up coats and bags, comforting any that maybe distressed as their carer has left. Once they are settled the teacher will begin the register and my role is to help the children take part and sit quietly on the carpet and listen. We then begin our morning activity. I will be asked to take a small group with me for example to draw an apple tree and have to complete a short assessment on them. For example ask them to draw a tree; are they using brown for the trunk? Green for the leaves? Can they follow a simple instructions? Whilst taking part in this activity I bring as much of the welsh language as possible e.g. I will ask them the welsh words for the colours we are using. We then head back to the class for ‘tidy up time’ and snack. Two mornings I prepare the snack of toast and milk. Then 3 mornings I supervise the Reception children on the yard. I ensure the children are playing happily with one another and no one is left on their own. Often I bring out bikes so I have a timer to make sure each child has the same amount of time on a bike. Some children may need the toilet and I assist in any personal care needs required or if they have had an accident then I will put gloves on and change the child. Then it’s back to Nursery class for the second part of the morning which could be songs or story on the carpet where I encourage ‘good sitting and listening’ for the teacher. At 11.30 most of the nursery children are getting collected so I again help with bags and sing our welsh going home song. I then make sure the classroom is tidy and take the Reception children over to the main dinner hall for them to have a cooked lunch. Whilst there I make sure each child has a meal, desert and drink. I encourage them to eat as much as they feel they can. If the leave something, for example carrots and will ask that they eat as many as they can. Once the dinner hall is empty and the tables wiped down I supervise on the main yard with Years 1-6. There the children will ask me if they want to go inside the School for the toilet or a drink. I will discipline any children that are not acting appropriately; I make sure no one is left on their own. Then I take part in encouraging happy play by blowing bubbles for the younger children and help with skipping and taking part in any fun games they want to do. If we have any injuries then I take them to the school secretary and write in accident book and call the parents if I feel it is necessary. Page 2 – Kathryn Di Terlizzi Assignment Unit 332 (1.2) For all Teaching Assistant roles there is a set of National Occupational Standards (NOS) set out by each individual school. These NOS offer guidance on wider aspects for competent performance (Burnham 2010 pg 118). They were set up to realise the potential of all teaching support staff whatever their role. (http://www.napta.org.uk/) The standards are statements about how tasks should be carried out and the minimum acceptable quality of practice that should be delivered. I have looked closely through the standards and looked at the most important ones to me in my role and given an explanation on each one as follows – 301.3 Understand legislation, policies and procedures for confidentiality and sharing information including data protection The Data Protection Act of 1998 is designed to ensure that confidential information cannot be passed to others without the individual consent. In my role I am exposed to a great volume of confidential information and I understand I cannot pass this to anyone. My sons attend the same school so I am often approached by parents at birthday parties asking me how their child is getting on. I understand the schools confidentiality policy so say sorry I can’t discuss this outside of school, please come and see the teacher and discuss on Monday. 302.3 Understand school ethos, mission, aims and values The school ethos –â€Å"St David’s Roman Catholic Primary School is part of the living presence of Christ in the modern world. Part of our purpose is, by the education, care and protection of our children, to present a model of Christian living that is clear to all.† (https://swansea-edunet.gov.uk/en/schools/StDavids/Pages/Mission_Statement.aspx) I am employed in a Catholic primary school but I am not a Catholic. However daily I embrace the catholic ethos and take part in Mass, Prayers and Religious Education activities. For example October is the month of the Rosary Bead. This week we have been learning about the letter ‘b’ so to tie in religion I have asked the children to bring in any Rosary Beads they have to ‘show and tell’ to the class. This builds confidence talking in front of the class and brings in the school ethos. 303.2 Be able to prepare for learning activities Before the children arrive in the morning the teacher will inform me of what activity I will be doing with them. For example when we were learning about the letter ‘a’ Mrs Jones asked me to take the children to the field in small groups and draw the apple tree. Preparation is vital for this to ensure it runs smoothly. As once the children are with me on the field if I have forgotten something for safety reasons I cannot run back to the class leaving the children. Frustratingly they would have to come back with me which would cut down the activity time. First I gather the resources I need for the activity, chairs, clipboards, paper, and pencils. Then once my 5 children are ready I make sure if it has been wet they are wearing Wellington boots and coats and hold on to the handrail as they exit the classroom. I make sure they walk carefully in a straight line down the path, closing the nursery door behind me which has a safety code so no outsider can gain access. Once we have arrived at the field I make sure our immediate environment is safe for example by checking for things the children could trip over. Depending on the children I may need to adapt some of the resources for example some children find it difficult to press hard with a pencil so I make sure I have other things with me like crayons and felt tip pens. Page 3 – Kathryn Di Terlizzi Assignment Unit 332 304.2 Be able to promote positive behaviour It is imperative in any school for children to have guidelines in school so they have a clear understanding of how to behave in school. Children need to be aware of the boundaries within which to manage their behaviour, so that they understand what is expected of them. (Burnham 2010 pg 58) In our nursery unit we encourage positive behaviour with stars on their jumpers to go home and show their parents. If a child has done something positive like sat well and listened to a story we will tell the whole class how happy we are with that child and give them a bigger reward like make them the ‘helpwr y dydd’ – helper of the day. 306.2 Understand the impact of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people Children can experience prejudice and discrimination in several ways, religion, ethnicity, sex, body image, disabilities. It will affect their self esteem and their learning will almost defiantly be affected. They could be come withdrawn and may not want to attend school. You must ensure your own inbuilt ideas do not affect how you treat children. I have not come across it yet but understand I must always challenge discrimination. It can be promoted in a positive way by posters in school and bringing in guest speakers to talk about their own experiences in a positive way. 331.2 Understand the factors that influence children and young people’s development and how these affect practice There are personal factors that could influence a child’s development for example their health. We have a child in Year 4 that has a heart problem and has missed a lot of school for operations. This could also affect his social activities for example on the playground. A child’s emotional development may also be affected depending on their awareness of their needs and the extent to which they are affected. It is important that the adults in school are aware of how pupils may be affected by these kinds of conditions so we can support them by ensuring they are included as far as possible. (Burnham 2010 pg 155) External factors can also have a massive affect. Families can go through significant changes through the school years for example separation, bereavement, new partners, house move or changing country. This can affect their ability to learn. Statistics show that children that suffer from poverty and deprivation are less lightly to thrive and achieve well in school. Some children make personal choices on friendship groups and extra curricular activities, they may need advice and support from adults to make sure the choices were right for them. Some children may come from a very alternative background such as a home schooling environment. These children may need some additional support until they become settled. (Burnham 2010 pg 156) There have been a number of theories of development. Many physiologists have different ideas about how children learn. Some think it is innate and others feel it depends on the opportunities a child has been given, often referred to the nature nurture debate. One of the physiologists Watson believed that we are all born with the same abilities and anyone can be taught anything and that it does not depend on innate ability but on watching others. His idea of ‘classical conditioning’ was born out of Ivan Pavlov’s research using dogs. He noted his subjects would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of experiments he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. He termed this response a conditional reflex. (psychology.about.com) Page 4 – Kathryn Di Terlizzi Assignment Unit 332 Children that come into nursery are treated the same and assumed at first to have the same abilities. As it becomes apparent some children need more support than others then the level is identified. Appropriate bodies are brought in to observe and correct support is implemented. 333.4 Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been abused or harmed Possible signs or symptoms that may be cause for concern are – Acting out in an inappropriate sexual way with toys or objects Becoming withdrawn or very clingy Becoming unusually secretive Sudden unexplained personality changes, mood swings and seeming insecure Regressing to younger behaviours, e.g. bedwetting Outburst of anger New adult words for body parts Talk of a new, older friend and unexplained money or gifts Physical signs, such as, unexplained soreness or bruises around genitals or mouth, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy Not wanting to be alone with a particular child or young person (http://www.parentsprotect.co.uk/warning_signs.htm#) If a child tells me something I should listen and try as best I can to write down word for word what the child is telling me and not question anything they are saying just let them speak. I will then explain to them that I am not able to keep it a secret and I must tell Mrs Jones the teacher. Mrs Jones will then take the relevant action. The UK Government ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991. This means that the Government must make sure that every child in the UK has the rights that are listed in the Convention. The Government can do this by passing laws or by taking other action, including making sure that the rights in the Convention is widely known in the UK. One of these points is as follows – Protection from violence, exploitation, abuse, neglect and maltreatment: The Government must make sure you are protected from any type of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse or exploitation, while you are living with your parents or in the care of anyone else. Special procedures must be set up to help you if you have been the victim of abuse. (http://www.lawstuff.org.uk/the-facts/what-are-childrens-rights) Bibliography www.teaching-assistants.co.uk www.napta.co.uk www.gov.uk/government/publications/nos-for-supporting-teaching-learning Oct 2010 Burnham, L (2010) â€Å"Support Teaching & Learning in Schools†. Published by Heinemann Reference List Burnham, L (2010) â€Å"Support Teaching & Learning in Schools†. Published by Heinemann www.psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/pavlov.htm (accessed on 05/10/2013) http://www.parentsprotect.co.uk/warning_signs.htm# (accessed on 05/10/2013) http://www.lawstuff.org.uk/the-facts/what-are-childrens-rights (accessed on 05/10/13) https://swansea-edunet.gov.uk/en/schools/StDavids/Pages/Mission_Statement.aspx (accessed 05/10/13) http://www.napta.org.uk/ (accessed 05/10/13)

Cultural Assessment of Elderly Chinese Americans

Management of their health and illness issues is also discussed. Cultural assessment theory and an assessment tool are used for he study, and their usefulness, strengths, and weaknesses analyzed. Demographics This cultural assessment is focused on elderly Chinese Americans in Flushing, New York where according to the revised 2010 census reported 56,355 Asians resided, comprising 70. 35% of the total population. Although the census reported on all Asian subgroups combined, it has been determined that most of the population consists of Chinese and Korean immigrants.Studies have also shown that the elderly portion of the population often faces more disparate treatment in relation to health care and that is why this population was chosen for the assessment. Ethnic and Cultural Health Practices Illness and death are usually viewed by elderly Chinese Americans as a natural part of life. Health is equated to finding harmony between the complementary forces of yin and yang. Special foods and herbs are used to restore balance between yin and yang and promote healing.Other common practices include massage, acupuncture, conferring with a medium or spiritualist, and institution, which is a traditional Chinese technique that involves burning an herb called Muggers to facilitate healing. Otherwise, Chinese Americans do not generally have conflict with Western health practices but when an illness is considered shameful, they often will not seek treatment. Bad news regarding diagnosis or prognosis is shielded from the patient by family members because they believe it will make the patient worse medically.With family having such a significant role in decision-making processes, it is imperative to explain and encourage durable power of attorney or other tool used to give power to the person making medical decisions. Religious Belief System Religious practices the Chinese may follow are Confucianism (a philosophy), Taoism, ancestor worship, Buddhism, and Christianity. At one time , atheism was encouraged in mainland China so some patients will say they do not have a religion. Generally, Chinese religion is dualistic and emphasizes yin and yang which are considered the makeup of the Tao.Tao is their ‘eternal cosmic principal'. Health and Illness Needs Common illnesses in the Chinese community include diabetes, stroke, hepatitis B, hypertension, tuberculosis, and cancers of the upper GIG tract, lung, liver, and misanthropy, and G-6-PDP deficiency, a condition in which the lack of an enzyme results in anemia. † Chinese men also have a large tendency to smoke. As noted by Eng, et al (2005-2006), â€Å"Up to 65% of men from China smoke. Although there is no true conflict with Western medicine, Chinese Americans often institute traditional remedies before trying Western treatments.That is why they may initially present to the facility in an advanced stage of illness. Management of Health and Illness When managing the health and illness of elderly Chin ese immigrants several factors are involved. Availing health care to those in need is essential to managing the health of Chinese immigrants. Understanding familial roles and relationships is another one of the most important factors because â€Å"culture emphasizes loyalty to Emily and devotion to traditions and puts less emphasis on individual feelings† (University of Washington Medical Center, 2007).Another factor is whether the patient understands their medications and the importance of following a regimen. Explaining medications fully and not Judging traditional Chinese remedies involving herbs will help build a bridge between traditional medicine and Western medicine. If the patient is not comfortable with the dosages or uses of their medication, they will most likely be noncompliance. Learning and understanding nonverbal cues will also help because out of respect, Chinese clients will not tell a actor no.Respect is shown by avoiding eye contact or giving small bows whe n authority figures are present. It is also believed emotions must be maintained in stressful times so they may appear stoic. Lastly, be aware that women are modest about being examined by a male and should be asked up front if it is alright for the practitioner to examine them. Language Language has been the crux of many of the problems elderly Chinese Americans encounter on a regular basis. The fact that many of the immigrants do not speak English and there are several dialects spoken, interpretation becomes more difficult.Mandarin is the official spoken language in China but Cantonese, Taiwanese, Taiwanese, and Fussiness are some of the other dialects to name a few. Chinese characters used in writing are the same for all the dialects, characters are used to express words, thoughts and principles. Nutrition An old Chinese saying is that â€Å"Medicine and food share the same source†. Chinese Americans tend to believe food provides certain energies for different parts of the body and grains, fruit, meat, and vegetables must be eaten to maintain a healthy balance. Pork is the preferred meat and rice is the most important food.Hot and old fluids also are considered necessary for healing based on the individual's situation. As noted by University of Washington Medical Center (2007), mirror patient may only prefer to drink only hot liquids (water or tea) when sick or postpartum†. Hot and cold energies are thought to balance yin and yang Just as light and dark energies do. Herbs are a common part of traditional Chinese diets so it is very important to question clients about their diet in the initial interview for purposes of learning interactions with possible interventions.Literacy and Education For Chinese Americans, education is the leading determinant of health status. Many elderly Chinese, especially the earlier immigrants, did not have formal education and most of them did not speak English (Pariah, et al 2009, p. 7). Compounded with language ba rriers, this group became socially isolated and lacked access to health care. They also participated less in leisure activities other than family planned functions, and had more difficulty finding employment.Thus, most live in poverty and that has harmed them drastically both in mental and physical health. Fortunately, the younger generations of Chinese Americans have been afforded more educational opportunities and help the elders understand and receive treatments otherwise unattainable to them. The Friedman Family Assessment Model The Friedman family assessment model was used in this cultural assessment. It assisted in the collection of identifying data, developmental stage and history of the family, environmental data, family structure, and family functions.Information on family stress, coping, and adaptation was also collected. Overall, the process of the family assessment using Friedman Assessment Tool was a great experience. Knowing the family and building rapport with them wh ile assessing them in various aspects is very helpful regardless of setting. This type of assessment and involvement encourages holistic care of the individual, their family as a group, and the community. The strengths of this assessment model are the in-depth questions and large amount of areas covered.The weakness is that if all parts are not completed, it is difficult to develop an accurate assessment. The lack off good rapport with the family could render the tool understanding of the culture and family functions are key to attaining desired outcomes. Conclusion This cultural assessment was developed through the use of the Friedman family assessment model. It successfully identified data on the family's development, history, environment, health and illness beliefs and practices, religion, cultural beliefs, language, literacy and education issues, and a host of other information.Although it was found that most Chinese Americans still prefer to try traditional remedies first, it w as also found that Western medicine is an option they are open to when available and all else fails. Familial influences and education are the major factors governing health status. Those who are more educated, have better overall health. Elderly Chinese Americans in Flushing, NY will probably always encounter issues with health care because most of them still do not speak English and were never formally educated.Educating this population on their medications and available interventions will improve their quality of life and possibly extend their life spans. It is time stop allowing elderly Chinese Americans to be lost in poverty and suffering needlessly. References 2010 census interactive population search.

Geography Coursework – Merry Hill

Course Work Aims: The aim of my course work is to investigate if three shopping centres in the west midlands can be placed into shopping hierarchies. Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that * Merry hill will have a bigger sphere of influence than Kidderminster and Dudley * Merry hill will have a better environment than Kidderminster and Dudley * Merry hill will have more comparison shops than Kidderminster and Dudley Justification of hypothesis: I predict that the settlements will fit in the following hierarchy. First Prediction: People will travel farther – I predict that Merry Hill will be at the top of the hierarchy because it is more accessible (roads, bus routes, railway links and motorway), it contains better facilities (shops, restaurants, car parks), it will also have high order goods. As Merry Hill contains all of the following, it will be at the top of the hierarchy. I predict that Dudley will be at the bottom of the hierarchy because it is less accessible than Merry Hill and Kidderminster, it has low quality facilities compared to Merry Hill and Kidderminster and it mainly supplies low order goods. To prove this I will collect car registrations and shopper surveys. Second prediction: Environment Quality – I predict that Merry Hill will have the highest quality of environment because it is undercover, there is no litter and it has good air conditioning, weather doesn't affect the shoppers, there are lots of bins, greenery all around the car park, CCTV, guards and cleaners o clean up the area so everything is very hygienic. I predict that the environment with the lowest environmental quality will be Dudley because there isn't any cover as it is outdoors, litter everywhere, no air conditioning, and no bins, not a lot of greenery, no CCTV and no guards. To prove this I will carry out an environmental survey. Third Prediction: Tourists and Comparison Shops – I predict that Merry Hill will have the most tourists and comparison shops because the large number of shops means that there will be a wider range of shops to compare and also as most shops sell high order goods, they are well known and this will help attract tourists. I predict that Dudley will have few comparison and convenience stores because it's a small shopping centre, which means that there will be fewer shops meaning you will have less shops to compare. To prove this I will carry out a shop survey, listing all the shops each settlement consists of. Geographical Information: Shopping habits have changed due to the new technology and, the higher prices of products having been introduced, meaning more and more people are likely to compare prices in different shops before buying anything, whereas before all prices were rather similar. More shops have also been introduced, which has also caused shopping habits to change. In the future shopping hierarchies may have totally changed. There is a possibility that the smaller shopping centres may slowly start to increase moving higher in the hierarchy. Also larger shopping centres may slowly deteriorate especially as there are so many shops all around that are closing down. The advantages of out of town shopping centres are: * Firstly, the shopping centres have a lot of comparison shops, so shoppers can buy the cheapest product. * As there are more shops in one area shoppers have a larger variety of products to choose from, so there are bound to be a larger number of comparison shops. * Another advantage of having an out of town shopping centre is that people are likely to go there and it increases tourism. The disadvantages of out of town shopping centre: * Firstly out of town shopping centres increase traffic jams as there is an increasing of traffic * Out of town shopping centres increase the level of noise pollution on the road * Next out of town shopping centres allow more congestion on the road * Lastly, out of town shopping centres increase pollution on a whole and also contribute majorly to global warming Methods of data collection: Data was collected over a period of two days. On the first day, we visited Kidderminster (Old and New). On the second day we visited Merry Hill and Dudley. We worked in a group of three or more because then we would be able to get other people's opinions and so we can collect data faster, before time runs out. Primary Data: We recorded 50 car registrations for each area to work out how far people had travelled to come to these shopping centres. This data was collected in order to work out where the cars had been registered to give us some idea as to the sphere of influence of each settlement. At each location we completed 5 environmental surveys to access the quality of the environment. This was done by scoring the environment on a number of indi9cators on a sliding scale from (o-5), with 0 being poor and 5 being excellent. The surveys were taken at roughly equal spacing in each settlement and marked clearly on the map. The scores were our own personal feeling of the environment and may have been skewed by bad weather conditions and time of day i.e. rush hour. We listed all of the shops recording if they were comparison or convenience shops. We collected this data because it gave us an idea of whether the shops were mainly sold high or low order goods and it helped show us the sphere of influence of the location. Secondary Data: To support my primary data I collected background information for each settlement from the internet, I looked at bus routes for each settlement which would show the accessibility of the areas, I looked at maps of each area o show the size of each area and I collected data on the history of each settlement.